Engineering Tools

Instantly lookup outer diameter, wall thickness, and weight for any nominal pipe size and schedule.

Search and filter fittings and valves by nominal size and type to find K-factors.

Assemble a piping system and aggregate total weights and components.

Build a simple pipe network (segments + fittings) to compute total friction loss end-to-end.

Engineering calculation tool.

Maximum current (amps) in a 12V electrical circuit vs. size (AWG) and length of wire. For a 12V system, the maximum voltage drop should be less than 0.36V (3% of 12V).

Maximum wire lengths vs. currents in the 12 volt electrical system of a car.

Maximum wire length calculator for 12 volt copper conductor systems. Calculate the maximum length of copper wires based on current, cross-sectional area, and acceptable voltage drop for typical electrical circuits and automotive applications.

Calculator for the Second Law of Thermodynamics, including heat engine efficiency and entropy calculations using the Carnot cycle principles.

Convert between dynamic or absolute viscosity units - Poiseuille, Poise, centPoise, and more.

Solar radiation absorbed by various materials and surface colors

Calculate active, reactive, and apparent power in AC electrical circuits for single-phase, three-phase, and DC systems. Active power represents real power consumption, reactive power represents imaginary power in capacitive/inductive loads, and apparent power is the total power supplied to the circuit.

Calculate active power, reactive power, and related AC circuit parameters based on RMS voltage, RMS current, and phase angle. Includes visualization of power components.

Calculate acceleration based on change in velocity and time. Acceleration is the ratio of change in velocity to time used, expressed as a = dv / dt = (v1 - v0) / (t1 - t0).

Calculate weight, velocity, and distance traveled for free-falling objects using Newton's Second Law and gravitational acceleration.

Calculate acceleration of gravity at sea level and elevation related to north-south position on earth (degrees latitude). Includes calculations for falling objects and weight variations across latitudes.

Converting between units of acceleration.

Useful equations related to acceleration, average velocity, final velocity and distance traveled.

Calculate the Accounting Rate of Return (R.O.R), which measures net income vs net investment. This metric shows the return generated from an investment during a period, divided by the book value of the investment at the start of the period.

Calculator for estimating the density and specific weight of liquid acetone at given temperature at saturation pressure. Output density is given in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq) and sl/ft³. Specific weight is given in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Comprehensive thermophysical properties of acetone (2-propanone, CH3-CO-CH3) including density, critical properties, heat capacity, viscosity, and other thermal and physical characteristics. Values are provided for liquid acetone at 25°C and 1 bara unless otherwise specified.

Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Acetylene (Ethyne - C2H2). A colorless gas widely used as a fuel and chemical building block with various thermophysical properties at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure.

pH range vs. color change for acid and base indicators - together with pKa and structures of the indicators.

pH values of acids like sulfuric, acetic and more. Acidity or alkalinity - pH - is a measure of hydrogen ion (H+) activity in solutions.

Specific acoustic impedance is a measure of the ability of a medium to transmit sound waves. It expresses the coupling between vibrating particles in the medium and can be calculated as the product of density and velocity of sound.

How to add and subtract fraction numbers with step-by-step examples and calculations

Adiabatic flame temperatures for various fuels (hydrogen, methane, propane, octane and others) with oxygen or air as oxidizers in a constant pressure adiabatic reaction. Temperatures are given in Kelvin.

Calculate the influence of speed (rpm) and impeller diameter changes on pump volume capacity, head (pressure), and power consumption using affinity laws for centrifugal pumps.

Age and typical physical growth of boys and girls - age 2 to 18 years.

Absolute humidity is the actual mass of water vapor present in the air water vapor mixture. It can be expressed in SI units (kg/m³, g/m³) or imperial units (lbs/ft³, gr/ft³).

Calculate the average molar mass of air based on the composition of its major components (Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and other trace gases). The tool uses the mole fraction and molar mass of each gas component to determine the overall molecular weight of dry air.

Calculate and visualize air density and specific volume as functions of altitude above sea level. The tool provides pressure-altitude relationships, density corrections, and volume correction factors based on standard atmospheric conditions.

Diffusion coefficients (D12) for gases in large excess of air at temperatures ranging 0 - 400 °C. Calculate and visualize how the diffusion coefficient varies with temperature for different gases based on Fick's first law of diffusion.

Calculate the drying force of air, which is the difference between saturation vapor pressure and actual vapor pressure. The drying force represents the vapor carrying capacity of humid air and is essential for understanding drying processes.

Calculator for common air conditioning processes including heating, cooling, mixing, humidifying and dehumidifying air using psychrometric principles and heat/moisture balances.

Calculate the mass of water or steam required to humidify air by adding water or steam. This tool covers humidification processes using both liquid water (adiabatic process) and saturated steam at atmospheric pressure.

Estimate the amount of steam required (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air.

Calculate the amount of water vapor required to humidify air using steam. This tool determines vapor content in air at different temperatures and relative humidity levels, measured in kg per 100 m³ of air volume.

Estimate air humidity by measuring dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature. Use lookup tables to determine relative humidity from temperature difference and dry bulb temperature.

Calculate the humidity ratio of moist air based on vapor partial pressure and atmospheric pressure. The humidity ratio expresses the mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air.

Maximum water content in humid air vs. temperature. Shows how the maximum moisture content possible in air at saturation varies with temperature.

Calculate the moisture holding capacity of air at different temperatures. The moisture holding capacity of air increases dramatically with increased temperature, which is critical for drying processes where air is used to transport moisture away from process and products.

Calculate and explore the molecular weight and composition of dry air, including major and minor gas components. Understand how the average molar mass of air is determined from its constituent gases.

This tool provides thermophysical properties of air at gas-liquid equilibrium conditions along the boiling and condensation curves. Data includes temperature, pressure, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity for both liquid and gas phases across a range of temperatures from the triple point (59.75 K) to the critical point (132.63 K).

Psychrometric chart to analyze air properties, including temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and dew point at barometric pressure 29.921 inches of Mercury and temperature ranging 20°F to 120°F.

Calculate ACFM (Actual Cubic Feet per Minute) from SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) and ICFM (Inlet Cubic Feet per Minute) based on pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions.

Specific Heat Ratio of air at temperatures ranging -40 - 1000 degC (-40 - 1500 degF) at standard atmospheric pressure - Imperial and SI Units. The specific heat ratio (k) is the ratio of specific heat at constant pressure (cp) to specific heat at constant volume (cv).

Specific heat (C) is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a mass unit of a substance by one degree. This tool shows the relationship between specific heat (both isobaric Cp and isochoric Cv) and pressure at constant temperature (20°C / 68°F) for dry air.

Speed of sound in air at standard atmospheric pressure with temperatures ranging -40 to 1000 °C (-40 to 1500 °F) - Imperial and SI Units.

Calculate and display thermal diffusivity of air at varying temperatures and pressures. Thermal diffusivity (α) is the rate of heat transfer of a material, calculated as α = k / (ρ × CP), where k is thermal conductivity, ρ is density, and CP is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. Results shown in SI units (m²/s) and Imperial units (ft²/s).

Air volume vs. temperature correction factor compared to Normal Air Conditions. Shows how air volume changes when heated or cooled relative to standard conditions.

Calculate the effective pressure and resulting temperature of air and steam mixtures using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. Understand how air contamination affects heat transfer in steam systems.

Yearly power cost for operating an air compressor based on compressor power, electricity rates, operating hours, and motor efficiency.

Inlet pipe size and maximum air flow. The pressure loss through an air compressor inlet should be kept to a minimum to avoid noise problems. The diagram indicates reasonable maximum flow through an inlet pipe.

Design of Air Conditioning systems - heating, cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort.

Exposure limits for various air contaminants. Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) are 8-hour time weighted averages per OSHA standards.

Calculate air density, specific weight, and thermal expansion coefficients at varying temperatures and pressures. Provides conversions between multiple unit systems including kg/m³, lb/ft³, N/m³, and lbf/ft³.

Calculate minor or dynamic pressure losses in air duct systems caused by changes in air direction, restrictions, or velocity changes. Uses the formula: Δp_minor_loss = ξ ρ v² / 2

Required duct area vs. air flow.

Calculate thermophysical properties of air including density, viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity at varying temperature and pressure conditions.

Thermodynamic properties of air at low pressures - imperial units. Calculate and lookup enthalpy, internal energy, and relative pressure based on temperature.

Ideal gas properties of air at low pressure - SI units. Contains thermodynamic properties including temperature, enthalpy, relative pressure, internal energy, and relative specific volume.

Calculate air thermal conductivity at given temperature and pressure. Thermal conductivity describes the ability to conduct heat and is expressed in multiple unit systems including W/(m K), Btu/(h ft °F), and kcal(IT)/(h m K).

Calculate air density based on temperature and pressure using the standard formula: ρ = 1.325 × P_inHg / T_R, where density is expressed in lb/ft³, pressure in inches of mercury, and temperature in Rankine. Also supports the formula using absolute pressure in psia.

Calculator tool for determining adequate combustion air supply requirements for boiler rooms based on fuel input and regulatory standards (ASME, NFPA, BOCA, SBCCI)

Elevation above sea level and air temperature, pressure and density. Standard values for pressure, temperature and density at altitudes from sea level to 16,000 feet (about 4900 m).

Air consumption of common air tools based on approximately 90 psi working pressure with 25% load factor. Reference table for pneumatic equipment air consumption in CFM (Free Air).

Calculate air dynamic or kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Temperature must be within -100 to 1600 °C, -150 to 2900 °F, 175 to 1900 K, or 310 to 3400 °R for valid values. Outputs are provided in multiple units including Pa·s, cP, mPa·s, lb·f·s/ft², cSt, m²/s, and ft²/s.

Thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, density and thermal conductivity of stainless steel AISI 310 vs. temperature.

Algebraic expressions are the equations we get when operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. are operated upon any variable. This tool provides a comprehensive reference of principal algebraic expression formulas.

Alloy steels have properties due to elements other than carbon. An Alloy Steel is a steel with properties due to elements other than carbon like nickel, copper, chromium, and/or aluminum.

Securing a system and achieve equal wear by alternating pumps in parallel. This tool helps manage pump alternation strategies to ensure equal wear distribution and system reliability.

Al - Aluminum - binary eutectic alloys and their melting points. An eutectic mixture is the composition where the melting point is as low as possible. This datatable contains binary eutectic Aluminum alloys with their composition and melting points in both Kelvin and Fahrenheit.

Density, specific heat and thermal conductivity related to temperature.

Mechanical properties of aluminum alloys - tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, and shear modulus for various alloys and tempers. Properties are listed in imperial units (10^6 psi for moduli, 10^3 psi for strengths).

Electrical resistance in plain copper or aluminum wires.

Characteristics of all-aluminum conductors (AAC). Lookup table and calculator for aluminum conductor properties including resistance, breaking strength, weight, and electrical characteristics.

American Standard Beams ASTM A6 - Imperial units. Calculator for properties and dimensions of American Standard S Beams including moment of inertia, section modulus, and other structural properties.

US American (ASTM) vs. British (BSi) piping standards - specifications, grades and material descriptions. Compare ASTM International standards with British Standards Institute piping specifications for carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel pipes.

Dimensions, weight, section properties, and essential data of American wide flange steel beams (W-beams) according to the ASTM A6 standard. Calculate and lookup W-beam properties including depth, width, thickness, area, weight, and moment of inertia.

Calculator for American Wide Flange Beams (ASTM A6) in metric units. Look up and calculate beam properties including dimensions, moment of inertia, section modulus, and weight.

A comprehensive reference tool for pKa values of amines, diamines, and cyclic organic nitrogen compounds including physical properties such as molecular weight, boiling/melting points, and density.

Calculator for dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ammonia gas at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Temperature range: -33 to 427 °C (-28 to 800 °F, 240 to 700 K, 432 to 1260 °R). Outputs available in multiple units.

Ammonia and health symptoms - smell and threat to life. Analyze ammonia concentration levels in air and their corresponding health effects and safety limits.

Calculate and analyze the Prandtl Number for Ammonia at varying temperatures and pressures. The Prandtl number (Pr) is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity, expressed as Pr = μ Cp / k, where μ is absolute viscosity, Cp is specific heat, and k is thermal conductivity.

Calculator for thermophysical properties of ammonia along the boiling and condensation curves, including density, viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity at gas-liquid equilibrium conditions. Provides data at critical point (405.56 K, 112.08 atm) and triple point (195.5 K, 0.0601 atm).

Calculator and data table for estimating the specific heat of gaseous and liquid ammonia at constant volume (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp) at given temperature and pressure. Outputs multiple unit formats including kJ/(kmol·K), kJ/(kg·K), kWh/(kg·K), kcal/(kg·K), and Btu/(lbm·°R).

Calculator for thermal conductivity of ammonia at given temperatures and pressures. Thermal conductivity is a material property describing the ability to conduct heat. Output conductivity is provided in multiple units: mW/(m K), Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), and kcal(IT)/(h m K).

Calculate angles with a straight board across carpenter's square. For the carpenter's square the angle between length A and length B is 90 degrees.

Tipping or dumping angles for common materials like ashes, sand, earth, shingles and more. The angle of repose is the steepest angle of descent relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping.

Calculate power, torque, and angular motion parameters. Includes formulas for rotating bodies with options to work in SI units (watts, Nm, rpm) or imperial units (hp, ft lbf, rpm).

Temperature and humidity environments for laboratory animals. Provides reference data for optimal room temperature, comfort zone temperature, relative humidity, and air change rates for various laboratory animal species.

ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards.

Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel pipes based on ASTM A53 - Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless.

Reference tool for U.S. Standard Engineering Drawing Sizes according to ANSI/ASME Y14.1 specifications. This tool provides information about standard engineering drawing dimensions and formats.

Anthracite coal is available in a number of different grades or sizes. Each size is suited for different sizes of grates and firepots, including buckwheat, egg, stove, chestnut, pea, and broken grades.

Calculate the volume change of ethylene glycol based on temperature variations. This tool helps determine how antifreeze volume changes with temperature fluctuations, useful for cooling system design and maintenance.

Comparing ethylene glycol and propylene glycol antifreeze properties

The American Petroleum Institute - API represents more than 400 members involved in the oil and natural gas industry. Over 900 API standards serve as the basis for API quality programs covering production material and lubricants, and certification programs for storage tanks, pressure vessels, and piping inspectors.

API expresses the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. Convert between API Gravity and Specific Gravity using standard formulas.

Apothecaries' fluid and weight system with ounces, drachms, grains, scruples and more.

Salts contain ions that may affect the pH in aqueous solutions in both acidic and basic directions. This tool helps predict whether an aqueous solution of a salt will be basic, acidic, or neutral by comparing the Ka value for the acidic ion with the Kb value for the basic ion.

Calculate the buoyant force acting on a submerged or floating body using Archimedes' principle. The buoyant force equals the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.

Area Moment of Inertia, Moment of Inertia for an Area or Second Moment of Area for typical cross section profiles including angles with equal/unequal legs, triangles, and rectangular triangles.

Convert between different units of Area Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area) including m4, cm4, mm4, in4, and ft4. Used to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams.

Area Moment of Inertia (also known as Second Moment of Area) is a property of shape used to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams. This tool provides definitions, unit conversions, formulas, and calculators for various cross-sectional shapes.

Calculate area of intersecting circles

Use this application to make an exact plot of a room, a property or any two dimensional area. Measure distances and angles, calculate side lengths, diagonals and angles. Export the plot to Sketchup or other CAD systems.

Convert between units of area.

Calculate the density and specific weight of argon at given temperature and pressure. Density is expressed in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), and sl/ft³. Specific weight is given in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculator for argon thermophysical properties. Contains standard reference values for molecular weight, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and critical point data.

Calculator for Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference (AMTD) and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) in heat exchangers. Based on Newton's Law of Cooling, this tool computes mean temperature differences for parallel flow and counter-current flow configurations.

Melting points of binary eutectic alloys containing Arsenic (As). Eutectic mixtures represent compositions where the melting point is at its minimum. This tool provides data for various As alloys with their weight percentages and melting points in both Kelvin and Fahrenheit.

A comprehensive reference table for ASCII character codes with decimal, octal, hexadecimal, binary representations and character descriptions

ASHRAE Standards calculator for HVAC & R (heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration) applications. Access to ASHRAE's 175+ standards for testing methods, design requirements, and recommended practices.

A professional organization focused on mechanical engineering technical, educational and research issues. ASME conducts technical publishing, conferences, professional development courses, and sets internationally recognized industrial and manufacturing codes and standards.

The ASME International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is made of 11 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections. This comprehensive reference tool provides guidance on power boilers, materials, nuclear facility components, heating boilers, nondestructive examination, pressure vessels, welding and brazing qualifications, and transport tanks.

Comprehensive reference tool for ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 standard pipe dimensions including nominal pipe sizes from 1/8" to 18", with specifications for wall thickness, outside diameter, cross-sectional area, and moment of inertia across multiple schedule classes.

International organization for professionals skilled in the design, specification and inspection of plumbing systems.

ASTM International standards organized by sections and volumes covering metals, construction, petroleum, textiles, plastics, rubber, electronics, water, energy, medical devices, and general products.

Dimensions and specifications of copper tubes ASTM B306 for Drain, Waste and Vent (DWV) applications. DWV pipes are recommended for above ground use only, no pressure applications, and sweat fittings only. This tool provides detailed dimensions and maximum working pressures for both annealed and drawn copper tubes.

Dimensions and physical characteristics for copper tubes type K and L according to ASTM B819 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems. Compare nominal sizes, outside diameter, inside diameter, wall thickness, and internal volume.

Cross reference for fittings, flanges, unions and cast and forged valves. A comprehensive lookup tool for ASTM material specifications across different material types, service conditions, and component categories including forgings, castings, wrought fittings, and pipe.

ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world, providing technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services across 67 volumes organized in 16 sections including metals, construction, petroleum, textiles, plastics, and more.

Calculate air pressure at a given elevation above sea level using the barometric formula. Input altitude in meters and get atmospheric pressure in various units (Pa, kPa, psia, inches Hg, mm Hg, kg/cm²).

Distance traveled vs. time used. Calculate the average velocity of an object using the formula v = ds / dt

Calculate wire diameter and cross-sectional area from American Wire Gauge (AWG) number. Convert between AWG, diameter (inches and mm), and area (circular mils and mm²).

Calculate and lookup American Wire Gauge (AWG) specifications including diameter, cross-sectional area, resistance, and current ratings for copper and aluminum conductors. The higher the gauge number, the thinner the wire. This tool provides comprehensive data for single core and multicore wiring cables up to 1000V with PVC insulation at ambient temperatures up to 30°C.

The AWG (American Wire Gauge) wire size chart with detailed specifications on wire diameter, resistance, and ampacity. Find conversions between AWG sizes and metric units for electrical and engineering applications.

Flow coefficients - Cv - for typical ball valves - reduced and full bore. A conventional ball valve is normally not used as a throttling valve since a partial flow will create high velocity flow tear at the ball and the seal. These values are suitable for estimates only.

Bands and their ranges of frequencies and wavelengths.

Calculate the banked angle for a vehicle moving in a circular path to compensate for centrifugal forces. This tool computes the required banking angle in both radians and degrees given the vehicle's velocity, curve radius, and gravitational acceleration.

Elevation compensating manometer. Due to decreased/increased air pressure with increased/decreased altitude, barometric pressure readings at other elevations than sea level must be compensated.

Convert between barometric pressure inches Hg, psi, psf and kPa. This tool provides conversion relationships between barometric pressure measurements in different units.

pH values for bases like sodium hydroxide, ammonia and more. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) activity in a solution and, therefore, its acidity or alkalinity.

Liquid density with Degree Baume vs. Specific Gravity. Measure the density of a liquid using the Baumé scale with conversion to specific gravity. Reference temperature: 60°F (16°C).

Calculate support forces (R1 and R2) for beams with up to 6 asymmetrically distributed loads using force and moment balance equations.

Calculate bending moments, deflections, and support reactions for beams fixed at one end and supported at the other with various load configurations including point loads, continuous loads, declining loads, and applied moments.

Deflection and stress in beams and columns, moment of inertia, section modulus and technical information.

Load and deflection formulas for beams fixed at both ends with single point loads, uniform continuous loads, declining distributed loads, and partly uniform loads

Calculate stress, deflection, and reaction forces for beams supported at both ends with various loading conditions including uniform continuous loads, point loads, and eccentric loads.

The Beaufort wind scale, which is used to describe the force of the wind, was invented by Admiral Beaufort in 1805. It is divided into a series of values from zero (calm winds) up to twelve and above (hurricanes), with each value representing a specific range and classification of wind velocity.

Belts (or chains) are used to transfer power through rotational motion from one shaft to another. This tool calculates belt length, velocity, gearing ratios, horsepower, and speed ratios for belt transmission systems used in HVAC and other mechanical applications.

Calculate belts power transmission and efficiency

Calculate pulley speeds and diameters for single and multiple belt transmission systems using pulley diameter and speed relationships.

Calculator for estimating the density and specific weight of liquid benzene at given temperature (maximum 250°C or 620°F) and pressure (maximum 28 bara or 400 psia). Outputs density in multiple units (kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), sl/ft³) and specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculator and reference data for liquid benzene dynamic and kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and pressures. Outputs viscosity in multiple unit systems including SI (Pa·s, cSt) and Imperial (lb/ft·s, lb/ft·h) units.

Interactive tool for calculating and visualizing thermophysical properties of Benzene (C6H6). This tool provides comprehensive data on thermal, physical, and chemical properties of benzene including density, viscosity, heat capacity, and critical parameters. Values are given for liquid benzene at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and 1 bar unless otherwise specified.

Thermal properties of Benzene C6H6 including density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity and Prandtl number in both SI and Imperial units.

BEP is where the pump is most efficient. This tool helps you understand pump efficiency, including internal losses (hydraulic and volumetric), external losses (mechanical), and the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) concept.

Calculate and analyze the Bernoulli Equation for fluid mechanics. Supports energy form, head form, and dynamic pressure calculations for steady state incompressible flow.

Specific heat of beryllium related to temperature.

A Block Flow Diagram is a schematic illustration of a major process showing unit operations as rectangles connected by flow streams with arrows indicating direction of flow.

A bid work flow template - Online with Google Docs. Log into your Google Account to make and edit your own copy of the template.

Heat and bending of bimetallic strips. Calculate the bending displacement of bimetallic strips due to temperature changes using the thermal expansion coefficient, length, temperature difference, and thickness.

Adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing binary numbers. A binary signal or number is one that can take only one value: 1 or 0 -or on or off.

A comprehensive converter tool that transforms between binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and ASCII representations. Convert binary numbers (1-8 bits), decimal numbers, and hexadecimal numbers with real-time conversion to all formats and their ASCII character equivalents.

A comprehensive reference table for converting between decimal, hexadecimal, octal, and binary number systems. Useful for understanding number base conversions and computer science fundamentals.

Binomial theorem for positive integers. This tool expands powers of sums using the binomial theorem formula.

Raw materials used for Ethanol Bio-fuel production. Ethanol can be produced by fermenting different raw materials. The ethanol yields for some typical used raw materials are indicated in the comparison below.

Carbon - Nitrogen ratios for biogas produced from various raw materials. Reference table showing C:N ratios for different organic waste sources used in anaerobic digestion.

Typical composition of biogas produced from household waste through anaerobic digestion of organic resources such as crops, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, and plant material.

Potential biogas production from animal manure. Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

Convert between different biomass energy units for biomass, wood, oil, and natural gas

Approximately energy content in different biomasses, used as fuels (not processed material). Shows energy content in MJ/kg for various bio fuels including agricultural residues, wood, and processed materials.

Higher Heating Values (HHV) of various biomass fuels and selected fuels measured in kJ/kg. HHV represents the total heat released when a fuel is burned completely.

Convert between blood sugar units (mmol/L and mg/dL)

Letters commonly used to differentiate blueprint drawings. Includes Architectural, Electrical, Mechanical, Plumbing, and Structural blueprint pages.

Board feet is used as a volume measurement of lumber. Calculate board feet using lumber dimensions and optional pricing information.

Typical ideal body weight versus height. Reference tables for men and women showing ideal body weight ranges by frame size across different heights.

Calculate the pulling force required to move a body up an inclined plane with or without friction. Uses the formulas Fp = W·sin(α) for frictionless surfaces and Fp = W(sin(α) + μ·cos(α)) when friction is included.

Calculate boiler efficiency based on heat exported by the fluid relative to heat provided by the fuel. Supports both water heating and steam boiler calculations.

Recommended boiler exhaust velocities for various boiler configurations and burner types.

Calculator and reference guide for boiler blowdown water quality requirements based on ASME guidelines. Calculates electrical conductivity from TDS and compares against maximum allowable impurities for different boiler pressure ranges. Includes water quality references and guidelines for maintaining proper dissolved solids levels to prevent scale formation, carryover, corrosion, and embrittlement.

Calculate boiler blowdown rate based on steam consumption, feed water TDS concentration, and maximum allowable TDS in boiler water.

ABMA recommended feed water chemistry limits for steam boilers. Contains maximum recommended limits for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), total alkalinity, and suspended solids across different boiler operating pressures, as well as maximum allowable impurities in boiler water.

Minimum area in a boiler room. The required area and volume of a boiler room is influenced by the combustion technology used - where combustion and handling of coal requires a lot more space than combustion of gas or oil.

Recommended max suction flow velocity when pumping boiling fluids. Capacity problems, cavitation and higher power consumption in pumps are often the result of suction side conditions.

Recommended max flow velocity on the delivery (pressure) side when pumping boiling liquids.

Boiling points of elements, products and chemical species at varying conditions.

Calculate the effort force required to hold a load force in a rope wrapped around a bollard or pole. The effort force is dramatically reduced by wrapping the rope around the bollard due to friction.

Logic functions where the values of variables are true (1) or false (0).

Calculate the volume and pressure relationships of ideal gases at constant temperature using Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law), where P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Densities of common types of bricks. Typical values for brick densities are indicated. Values vary with product content and production processes.

Estimate required quantities of bricks and mortar based on brick type, wall area, and mortar joint thickness.

Calculator for Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) based on the load applied and the diameter of the steel ball and impression. The BHN is calculated using the formula: BHN = 2P / (πD(D - √(D² - d²)))

A principal system of units used in Commonwealth countries and the US. The British Imperial System is a FMLT (force-mass-length-time) system with four primary quantities, unlike the SI system which uses only three (MLT).

Properties of British Universal Steel Columns and Beams according to BS 4 standard. Calculate and lookup sectional properties including moment of inertia, elastic section modulus, cross-sectional area, weight, and dimensional parameters for various UB and UC designations.

The content of sucrose - Brix scale vs. Specific Gravity and Plato - used in the sugar, fruit juice and wine making industry.

Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces.

British Standards Institute - the National Standards Body of the UK, responsible for facilitating, drafting, publishing and marketing British Standards and other guidelines. Access UK standardization through European (CEN, CENELEC, ETSI) and international bodies (ISO, IEC).

A comprehensive tool for calculating buffer solution pH and composition using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Determine pH for a given buffer, find required acid/base ratios for target pH, and analyze buffer capacity.

Convert builder's measurements to surveyor's measurements. This calculator helps convert between various historical and modern units of measurement used in surveys and construction.

Calculate thermal resistance in building elements like walls, floors and roofs above and below the ground for heat loss calculations.

Typical loads on building foundations

The radiation constant is the product between the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity constant for a material. This tool provides radiation constants and emissivity values for typical building materials.

Diffusion of vapor through building materials. Calculate vapor resistance based on material thickness and vapor resistivity.

Typical tolerances for floors, walls, columns and more in building construction.

Calculate bulk modulus elasticity and fluid compressibility properties. The bulk modulus characterizes how easy a unit volume of fluid can be changed when changing pressure. Use volume-based or density-based calculations.

Buoyancy is the resultant force acting on a submerged body. Calculate the buoyant force using F = V × ρ × g, where V is the body volume, ρ is the fluid density, and g is gravitational acceleration.

Calculator to estimate the density and specific weight of butane at given temperature and atmospheric pressure. Outputs density in multiple units (kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), sl/ft³) and specific weight (N/m³, lbf/ft³).

Calculate butane dynamic or kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Output includes multiple units: Pa·s, cP, mPa·s, lbf·s/ft², lbm/ft·h for dynamic viscosity and cSt, m²/s, ft²/s for kinematic viscosity.

Calculate isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of butane at varying temperature and pressure conditions. The tool provides specific heat values in multiple units (kJ/mol K, kJ/kg K, Wh/(kg K), kcal/(kg K), Btu(IT)/lb °F) for liquid, gas, and supercritical phase states.

Calculator and data tables for thermal conductivity of butane at various temperatures and pressures. Thermal conductivity is measured in multiple units: mW/(m K), Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), and kcal(IT)/(h m K). Data includes both liquid and gas states across a wide range of temperatures and pressures.

Calculate and reference thermophysical properties of n-Butane (C4H10) at standard conditions (25°C, 298K, atmospheric pressure). Includes molecular weight, density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, critical point parameters, and heat of combustion.

Typical flow coefficients (Cv) for butterfly valves at different opening positions. This tool provides data for butterfly valves ranging from 2 to 20 inches with flow coefficients at various disc angles (90°, 70°, 50°, 30°) and pressure ratings (ANSI 150, ANSI 300). Manufacturers data should always be checked before actual use. Conversion: 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s

Selecting and sizing butterfly valves for water applications.

Computer bytes conversion tool for understanding different units of digital storage including decimal and binary systems

Calculator for uniformly loaded cables with horizontal and inclined loads. Calculates support forces, tensions, sag, and cable length for various cable configurations.

Freezing point, density, specific heat and dynamic viscosity of Calcium Chloride Water coolants

Thermal conductivity calculator for calcium silicate insulation - analyze k-values across temperature ranges from 250°F (121°C) to 1000°F (540°C)

Calculate the discharge from partially filled horizontal pipes discharging freely into the air using the California Pipe Flow Metering Method. This empirical method applies to pipes with internal diameters between 3-10 inches.

Calculate energy stored in a capacitor, power generated during discharge, and discharge time at constant power load

Capillarity - or capillary action - is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of gravity. Calculate the height of liquid in a tube due to capillary action using the formula: h = 2 σ cos(θ) / (ρ g r)

Calculate the required engine power and torque for a car to maintain constant speed or accelerate, based on forces acting on the vehicle and transmission efficiency.

Calculate the maximum traction force between a car wheel and the surface, and determine the maximum acceleration and acceleration time for a car on different surfaces using the formula F = μt × m × ag

Calculate car acceleration, force, work, and power based on initial velocity, final velocity, time, mass, and distance parameters.

Calculate fuel consumption in liter per km - consumption chart and calculator.

Steel classification tool that covers carbon steel and low-alloy steel compositions, manufacturing methods, finishing techniques, product forms, deoxidation practices, microstructure types, strength levels, heat treatments, and quality descriptors according to ASTM standards.

Calculate the density and specific weight of gaseous carbon dioxide at given temperature and pressure. Outputs include density in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), and sl/ft³, as well as specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculator for carbon dioxide dynamic or kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Outputs viscosity in multiple units including Pa·s, cP, mPa·s, and various imperial units.

Prandtl number for carbon dioxide at varying temperatures and pressures. The Prandtl number (Pr) is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity, calculated as Pr = μ Cp / k, where μ is dynamic viscosity, Cp is specific heat, and k is thermal conductivity.

Thermal conductivity calculator for carbon dioxide at given temperatures and pressures. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat, measured in W/(m K) or other units. This tool provides thermal conductivity values for CO2 in various states (gas, liquid, supercritical) across different temperature and pressure conditions.

Calculator for carbon dioxide thermophysical properties including density, thermal data, critical parameters, and phase characteristics. Values provided for gas phase at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and 1 atm unless otherwise specified.

CO2 acceptance and comfort level calculator. Assess indoor air quality based on CO2 concentration levels and their effects on human health and comfort.

Calculate the carbon dioxide concentration in a room filled with persons over time using the formula: c = (q / (n V)) (1 - (1 / e^(n t))) + (c0 - ci) (1 / e^(n t)) + ci

Calculate carbon dioxide emission from persons based on their activity level. This tool helps determine CO2 concentrations in rooms with people and can be used to modulate ventilation system capacities.

Enthalpy, Entropy and Internal Energy of Carbon Dioxide gas.

Calculate and reference thermophysical properties of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure. Access molecular weight, specific gravity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and other critical thermodynamic parameters for engineering applications.

Calculator for estimating the density and specific weight of gaseous carbon monoxide at given temperature and pressure. Outputs density in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), and sl/ft³. Specific weight given as N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

A comprehensive guide to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning symptoms, health effects, and exposure concentration thresholds. Includes data on toxic symptoms at various CO concentrations and inhalation times.

Calculate and visualize the relationship between temperature and specific heat (Cp) for carbon monoxide gas. This tool provides specific heat values for CO at temperatures ranging from 175 to 6000 K, with both a calculator for interpolation and a chart showing the relationship.

Maximum pressure ratings for flanges conforming to ISO 2229 and ASTM A105 material specification across various temperatures and flange classes (150-2500).

Comparing standards of carbon steel pipes from USA, Germany, UK and Sweden. This table can be used to compare carbon steel piping standards from America - USA, and Europe - Germany, British (UK) and Sweden.

The efficiency of the Carnot cycle. An ideal reversible cycle where heat is taken in at constant upper temperature and rejected at constant lower temperature. The Carnot efficiency limits the fraction of heat that can be used according to the second law of thermodynamics.

The Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Joule cycles describes the processes common in combustion displacement and gas turbine engines.

Calculate the distance between two points and their intermediate position in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. The tool supports finding the distance between any two points and determining intermediate positions including the midpoint.

Calculate the future value of money using cash flow diagrams for loan and investment transactions with discount rates and present value analysis.

ASME/ANSI B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 125 Flanges specifications including outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts.

ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 25 Flanges. Complete specifications including outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for pipe sizes from 4 inches to 96 inches.

ASME/ANSI B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 250 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts.

Dimensions of cast iron soil pipes for both Service and Extra Heavy grades

Analyze fluid flow dynamics by calculating the Cauchy Number, a dimensionless value representing the ratio between inertial force and compressibility force in a flow.

Calculate the Cavitation Number (Cavitation Parameter), a dimensionless number useful for analyzing fluid flow dynamics and predicting cavitation occurrence. The Cavitation Number represents the ratio of pressure difference to dynamic pressure.

CE Marking is a self-certification procedure for manufacturers to verify product compliance with European Union directives. Learn about the 24 EU directives, manufacturer responsibilities, and compliance requirements for selling in the European common market.

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) contributes to the objectives of the European Union and European Economic Area with voluntary technical standards that promote free trade, worker and consumer safety, network interoperability, environmental protection, and research development.

Calculate position of center mass using the formula: Rx = (ma·xa + mb·xb) / (ma + mb)

Calculate the center of gravity for various shapes including triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and systems of two bodies.

Stability calculator - the center of gravity vs. the center of buoyancy. Analyze hull stability, righting torque, and capsizing conditions.

International centrifugal pump design and dimension standards. Covers ISO, API, ANSI, DIN, NFPA, and BSi standards for centrifugal pump specifications.

A calculator tool for analyzing centrifugal pump performance, including head calculations, pressure conversions, and pump efficiency analysis. This tool helps engineers and technicians understand pump behavior based on kinetic energy transfer, head measurements, and system resistance.

Calculate and compare pump capacity modulation methods including speed variation and constant speed regulation. Estimate changes in power consumption, head, and volume rate using affinity laws.

Calculate how viscous fluid properties affect centrifugal pump performance including flow, head, efficiency, and power requirements.

Minimum continuous flow to prevent flashing in centrifugal pumps. Calculates the minimum water flow through the pump based on power input, specific heat of fluid, and specific gravity to prevent vaporization within the pump casing.

Centrifugal pumps and maximum shut-off head. The maximum "shut-off" head for a centrifugal pump can be estimated using the relationship between impeller diameter, rotational speed, and resulting head.

The characteristic speed torque curves for centrifugal pumps. Calculate theoretical torque based on pump speed or full load torque based on power and speed.

The characteristics of stable and unstable flow in centrifugal pumps. Understand the behavior differences between stable head-flow characteristics where differential head progressively falls with increasing flow rate, and unstable head-flow characteristics where differential head rises to a maximum before falling.

Calculate centripetal and centrifugal acceleration and force for objects in circular motion. Choose between velocity-based or rpm-based calculations.

Calculate the centroid and area of various plane shapes: square, rectangle, circle, semi-circle, and right-angled triangle.

Physical properties of ceramics including specific gravity, thermal conductivity, strength measurements, and other mechanical properties for common ceramic materials.

Calculate the volume of an ideal gas vs. temperature using Charles' Law. In a perfect gas where mass and pressure are constant, volume varies directly with absolute temperature.

Formulas and trading names for some common chemicals. A comprehensive reference tool for looking up chemical formulas, common names, and trade names.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) hazard system for chemical materials. The NFPA 704 Diamond indicates health, flammability, reactivity and special hazards for common chemicals.

Calculate mean flow velocity in conduits using Chezy's equation: v = C (Rh S)^(1/2). Determine flow velocity based on Chezy coefficient, hydraulic radius, and slope.

Calculate chimney draft and required chimney area based on height, temperature difference, air density, and flue gas volume.

Recommended size of explosion doors or draught stabilizers in oil fired installations. The table below can be used to estimate release openings in chimneys.

The size of chimney vs. boiler's heat load. Reference table showing required chimney cross-sectional area based on boiler heat capacity.

Chimneys and single wall vents roof termination. Roof terminations for chimneys and single wall vents - no caps.

Chimneys and fireplaces for stoves burning wood or coal as fuel. Reference tables for prefab/metal chimneys and masonry flues with sizing specifications and common venting uses.

Specific heat and thermal conductivity of chromium related to temperature.

Calculate chord lengths when dividing the circumference of a circle into an equal number of segments. This tool helps determine chord lengths for both unit circles and circles with specific radii.

Circumferences and areas of circles with diameters in inches. Calculate circle properties using diameter measurements.

Calculate properties of circles arranged on the outside of a circle. This tool helps determine spacing, positioning, and geometric relationships when multiple circles are positioned around a central circle.

Estimates the maximum number of circles that may fit within a rectangle. Use this calculator to determine how many pipes, wires, or other circular objects fit within a conduit or similar rectangular space. Input rectangle dimensions (height and width) and circle diameter.

Oxidizers vs. inert vs. flammable gases. Compressed gases can be classified into three categories: oxidizers (contribute to combustion), inert gases (do not participate in combustion), and flammable gases (burn or explode when mixed with air/oxygen in the right concentration).

Clo is used as a measure of clothes thermal insulation. 1 Clo = 0.155 m2K/W. Calculate total thermal insulation by summing individual garment Clo values.

Comparing European, UK, US sizing in clothing, shoes, shirts and sweaters.

Human metabolism at low and high activity with different levels of clothing. Calculate comfort temperature and heat transfer based on activity level, clothing insulation, and relative air speed.

Calculate circular mil area and related conversions for wire or cable cross-sections. A circular mil is the equivalent area of a circle whose diameter is 0.001 inch, or approximately 0.7854 millionths of a square inch.

Calculator for CO2 emissions from planes, comparing with alternative forms of transportation (train, bus, conventional and electrical cars). Estimate CO2 emissions from your air travel and compare with alternative transportation methods.

Online CO2 calculator for estimating CO2 emissions from travel by car. Compare your car emissions with alternative travel methods (plane, train, bus) by providing distance, fuel consumption, number of passengers, and fuel type.

Calculator for CO2 emissions from trains, comparing with alternative forms of transportation such as planes, buses, conventional and electrical cars.

Coal classification tool based on volatile matter content. This tool provides comprehensive classification of coal types from Anthracite to Non-coking coals, including their characteristics, volatile matter ranges, and typical properties such as sulfur content, moisture content, fixed carbon content, density, bulk density, and ash content.

Required cold water dwelling storage capacity - commonly used fixtures and types of buildings. Calculate 24-hour storage requirements based on fixtures and building types per CIBSE Guide G (2004).

Cold water storage for occupants in common types of buildings as factories, hospitals, houses and more

Calculate friction coefficients for turbulent fluid flow in ducts, tubes, and pipes using the Colebrook equation. This tool is used for determining resistance and pressure loss in ventilation systems, pipes with water or oil, and compressed air applications.

Subtractive and additive color mixing theory calculator. Explore how primary colors mix to create secondary colors in both pigment and light-based color models.

Exhaust and outlet temperatures for fuels like natural gas, liquefied petroleum, diesel and more.

Optimizing boilers efficiency by analyzing the relationship between excess air, oxygen content, flue gas temperature, and combustion efficiency. This tool helps determine optimal combustion conditions to minimize fuel consumption and environmental impact.

Calculate the standard heat of combustion for various organic and inorganic compounds at standard conditions (25°C and 1 bar). The tool includes a comprehensive database of combustion heat values in multiple units (kJ/mol, kJ/kg, BTU/lb, kcal/kg) and supports unit conversion.

Calculate CO2 emission from fuel combustion using carbon content and energy content. Formula: qCO2 = (cf / hf) × (MCO2 / MC), where qCO2 is specific CO2 emission (kgCO2/kWh), cf is specific carbon content (kgC/kgfuel), hf is specific energy content (kWh/kgfuel), MCO2 is molecular weight of CO2 (44), and MC is molecular weight of Carbon (12).

Calculate furnace performance indices including thermal efficiency, annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), and steady-state efficiency (SSE) based on energy inputs and outputs.

Combustion testing of fuel oil and gas burners. Test burners for carbon dioxide, smoke, excess air, stack temperature, draft, and NOx to ensure safe and efficient operation.

Comparing different types of hydraulic pumps and their maximum pressures and flow.

Typical composition of AISI steels. Actual composition depends on class and grade.

Comprehensive compound interest tables for interest rates ranging from 0.25% to 60%. Includes factors for single payment, arithmetic gradient series, and uniform payment series calculations.

A comprehensive guide covering temperature measurement, scales (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine), and conversion formulas between different temperature units.

Pipe line sizing for compressed air systems at 90 psig (620 kPa, 6.2 bar). Reference tables for recommended pipe diameters based on air flow rate and line length.

Calculate friction loss in compressed air hoses based on pipe diameter, flow rate, pressure, and hose length

A glossary of terms commonly used for compressed air.

Compressed air supply to laboratories. Calculate the required compressed air capacity based on the number of outlets, accounting for diversity and simultaneous use factors.

Calculate pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines with a nomograph diagram. This tool helps estimate pressure drop based on pipe length, air flow volume, pipe diameter, and working pressure.

Calculate pressure drop in compressed air pipelines using empirical formulas with metric and imperial units. Supports FAD flow rates, pipe diameters, lengths, and initial pressures.

Pressure loss in compressed air pipe lines. Pressure drop can be estimated for typical entering pressures. The diagrams are calculated for schedule 40 pipes.

Air pipe lines capacities at pressure 100 psi (6.9 bar). Recommended air pipe line sizes with schedule 40 steel pipes and air pressure 100 psi (6.9 bar, 689500 Pa).

Calculate the storage volume for compressed gas using Boyle's Law. Determines the amount of free gas at atmospheric pressure in a given volume, such as a cylinder storage.

Saturation pressure and maximum water content in compressed air. Calculate the mass of water in saturated air based on temperature and pressure conditions.

Capacities of compressed air pipelines - pressure ranging 5 - 250 psi (0.5 - 17 bar). Estimate the flow capacity in a compressed air pipeline based on pipe size and applied pressure.

Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines depends on line pressure, air flow and size of pipe. This calculator helps determine pressure loss in Schedule 40 steel pipes based on NPS, air flow (SCFM), and operating pressure.

Fittings in compressed air pipe lines and equivalent length pressure drop. This calculator helps determine the equivalent pipe length for various fittings in compressed air systems using SI and Imperial units.

Pressure drop in compressed air pipelines with applied pressure 50, 100 and 150 psi.

Compressed air quality according ISO 8573-1.

Calculator and reference tool for sizing compressed air receivers. Calculates receiver tank volume based on air consumption, pressure differential, and time requirements. Includes a reference table of standard receiver capacities.

Specific volume, enthalpy and entropy of compressed water at various temperatures and pressures

Calculate pressure and density relationships for isothermal, isentropic, and polytropic compression/expansion processes of gases

Common materials and average ultimate compression and tension strength. Reference: 1 MPa = 10^6 Pa = 1 N/mm² = 145.0 psi (lbf/in²)

The atmospheric Carbon Dioxide concentration year 1959 - 2015.

Online units concentration calculator for converting between common concentration units (Wt%, Molality, Molarity, Mole fraction, and g solute/l solution). Requires mole weight of solvent and solute, and density of solution.

Calculating the concrete volume required for an operation. Concrete and mortar are normally delivered on a cubic volume basis.

Water vs. cement ratio when mixing concrete. Calculate the water to cement ratio based on water volume and cement weight.

Estimate concrete volume required for concrete columns. Calculate the volume of concrete needed for round or square columns in cubic yards using column dimensions and height.

A tool for calculating and analyzing concrete footing specifications and requirements

Estimate required concrete footing volume using the formula v = 0.0031 × l × w × t, where v is concrete volume in cubic yards, l is length in feet, w is width in feet, and t is depth in inches.

Cement, sand and gravel mixtures for various construction applications. Reference: 1 cubic yard = 0.7646 m³ = 27 ft³

Properties of normal strength Portland cement concrete.

Load capacity of simply supported concrete slabs. Imposed loads vary from approximately 1.5 kN/m2 (153 kg/m2) in domestic buildings to approximately 10 kN/m2 (1053 kg/m2) in heavy industrial areas. 500 kg/m2 is typical for office, storage space and similar.

Estimate required concrete volume per sq. ft. using slab dimensions and depth. Required concrete is calculated in cubic yards (cy) using the formula: v = 0.0031 × l × w × t

Estimate concrete wall volume.

Calculate condensate generation in cold steam pipes when heating up. Estimates the load of warm-up condensate generated when a steam system is heated up based on steam pressure and nominal pipe dimension.

When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe through steam traps. This tool provides a datatable to estimate the warm-up condensate load generated when the steam system is heated up, based on steam pressure and pipe size in Imperial Units (70°F ambient).

Friction or major resistance in condensate pipe lines. The table shows frictional resistance (major loss in inches H2O per 100 ft of pipe) for various pipe sizes and condensate mass flow rates. Avoid friction resistance above 10 inches Water gauge per 100 ft of pipe.

Flow and pressure loss in condensate return lines - SI Units. Determine condensate flow rates and pressure losses for various pipe sizes and pressure drops.

Calculate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for condensate pumping systems to prevent cavitation in centrifugal pumps handling hot condensate near boiling temperatures.

A connecting rod mechanism converts rotating motion to reciprocating motion or vice versa. Calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of the connecting rod based on crank parameters and angular position.

Relationship between persons descending from the same ancestor. Consanguinity refers to familial relationships such as children, siblings, cousins, grandchildren, and great grandchildren. "Removed" cousin designates when cousins are not of the same generation.

Calculate the change in mass storage in a system based on the Law of Mass Conservation. The mass flow in and out of a control volume must balance according to: dM = ρi vi Ai dt - ρo vo Ao dt

A comprehensive tool for calculating linear and angular momentum in physics. Includes calculators for collision momentum, recoil velocity, and angular momentum conservation.

The mathematical e constants - Euler's number and related values

The mathematical π constants.

Volume of partly filled horizontal or sloped cylindrical tanks or pipes. Calculate the liquid volume, mass, central angle, chord length, arc length, cross-sectional area, and air volume in partly filled horizontal or sloped cylindrical tanks or pipes.

Common types of contracts used in the engineering and construction industry including Lump Sum, Unit Price, Cost Plus, Incentive, and Percentage of Construction Fee contracts.

Control Valve terminology, bodies, trim, flow characteristics, Cv and Kv sizing, noise, actuators, positioners and more.

A comprehensive tool for engineers and designers to size and select control valves. This tool provides detailed technical data and calculations for control valve sizing, helping with fluid mechanics calculations and system design for HVAC systems, water distribution, and hydraulic applications.

Control valve sizing and pressure drop calculations for water flow applications. Calculate Kv values based on water flow and pressure drop.

Maximum conveyor belt speed for various material types including grain, coal, earth, ore and stone.

Calculate conveyor belt capacity based on belt speed, width, material density, and cross-sectional area. Uses the formula Q = ρ A v where Q is conveyor capacity, ρ is material density, A is cross-sectional area, and v is belt velocity.

Conveyor required power consumption vs. load for both level ground and lifting conveyors.

Maximum conveyor inclination slopes for typical products. Reference table showing the maximum slope in degrees for various materials on conveyor belts.

Convert between cooking liquid and dry measuring US and metric volume units. Easily convert between teaspoons, tablespoons, cups, ounces, milliliters, liters and other common cooking measurements.

Convert between US cooking volume units including teaspoons, tablespoons, cups, fluid ounces, pints, quarts, and gallons.

Heat fluxes for various cooling or heat transfer modes. Reference values based on 85°C surface temperature and 20°C ambient temperature.

Calculate cooling tower efficiency based on inlet temperature, outlet temperature, and wet bulb temperature of air. Cooling tower efficiency represents the effectiveness of evaporative cooling systems in reducing water temperature.

Calculate density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of copper at various temperatures. This tool provides interpolated values based on experimental data for copper properties.

Typical use of copper alloys in architecture, automotive, electrical, building wire, energy, tube, pipe fittings, fuel gas, industrial and marine applications.

Maximum current in copper and aluminum wire at ambient temperature 86°F (30°C). Reference table for determining safe maximum amperage based on wire gauge and material type.

Cu - Copper - binary eutectic alloys and their melting points. The melting point of an alloy depends on the relative proportions of the ingredients. An eutectic mixture is where the melting point is as low as possible.

Heat loss from uninsulated copper tubes vs. temperature differences between tube and air.

Water velocity in a copper tube should not exceed certain limits to avoid erosion. This tool helps determine safe water velocity limits based on water temperature and system type.

Heat loss from uninsulated copper pipes - dimensions ranging 1/2 - 4 inches. Calculate heat loss at various temperature differences between pipe and ambient air.

ASTM B88 seamless copper water tubes - working pressures. Ratings based on service temperature max. 150 oF (66 oC).

Gauge, weight, circular mils and electrical resistance in copper wire. Data includes AWG Gauge, Area (Circular Mils), Diameter (mils), Electrical Resistance (Ohms/1000 ft), and Weight (lb/1000 ft) at 77°F (25°C).

Strength of Copper, Zinc and Tin alloys. This table displays tensile strength data for various copper, zinc and tin alloy compositions.

Corrosion in piping systems caused by thermodynamic and electrochemical processes - corrosion problems and methods of protection and prevention.

Calculate the electric force acting between two point charges using Coulomb's Law. The electric force is determined by the charges and the distance between them.

Chemical resistance of CPVC - Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) - to common chemicals and products. This tool provides compatibility information for recommended, not recommended, and cautionary chemicals with CPVC pipes.

Critical temperatures and pressures for common substances like air, alcohol, ether, oxygen and more. This table provides critical temperature, critical pressure, and boiling temperature data for various substances.

Calculate crude oil density and volume changes across temperatures using ASTM D 1250-04 and IP 200/04 standards. Determine density at different temperatures and apply volume correction factors based on temperature changes.

Content of nickel and vanadium in more than 120 crudes as function of specific gravity@15°C/60°F. This tool is based on information from more than 120 crude oil assays from BP, ExxonMobile and Statoil (2008 - 2017). The crudes are produced all over the world. Each datapoint represents one specific oil.

Comprehensive reference tool for standard test methods and typical ranges for crude oil quality parameters including acidity, sulfur content, viscosity, metals, and other critical properties used in petroleum refining and quality assessment.

Viscosity at 20°C/68°F and 50°C/122°F for more than 120 crudes is shown as function of specific gravity@15°C/60°F.

Cryogenic properties including density, boiling points, heat of evaporation, critical temperature and pressure for liquefied gases (helium, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine) at temperatures between -150°F to -450°F.

Construction Specifications Institute's 2004 Master-Format Edition. The most widely used standard for organizing specifications for building projects in the U.S. and Canada. MasterFormat organizes information by work results (materials and methods) with primary purposes of organizing specifications and detailed cost information.

A current divider is a linear circuit that produces an output current that is a fraction of the input current. This calculator computes split currents, total resistance, and voltage across the circuit based on input resistances and supply voltage.

Volume in US gallons and liters for cylindrical tanks. Provides volume per foot length of horizontal or height of vertical tanks based on tank diameter.

Calculate total pressure and partial pressures of gas mixtures using Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. The total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.

Calculate pressure loss and head loss in pipes, tubes, and ducts using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Supports both velocity-based and volume flow calculations with SI and Imperial units.

Calculator for Decibel A, B and C sound pressure level filters. The human ear is more sensitive to sound in the 1 to 4 kHz frequency range. This tool helps compensate for human hearing using A, B, and C weighted decibel filters commonly used in sound measurement.

Prefix names used for multiples and submultiples units according to the SI system and DIN 1301.

Calculator for air dehumidification methods including cooling (vapor condensation), adsorption (silica gel and activated alumina), and absorption of water vapor.

Classification of dehumidifiers - devices to remove moisture from air. Includes absorption, spray, and refrigeration dehumidifiers.

Densities of solids, liquids and gases. Definitions and convertion calculators.

Calculate densities and concentration conversions for aqueous solutions of inorganic chlorides at 20°C. Supports conversion between mass%, mol/kg (molality), and mol/liter (molarity) for various chloride compounds including Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, Cesium, Hydrogen chloride, Iron(III), Lithium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and Strontium chlorides.

Comprehensive reference for densities of aqueous solutions of inorganic potassium salts at 20°C, including mass%, molality (mol/kg), and molarity (mol/liter) concentrations. Contains data for 11 potassium salt compounds across various concentration levels.

Calculate and visualize the density of aqueous solutions of inorganic sodium salts at 20°C. Select a sodium salt and concentration (in wt%, mol/kg water, or mol/liter) to determine the solution density and related concentration metrics.

Changes in density of aqueous solutions with changes in concentration at 20°C. Density of acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-lactic acid, oxalic acid and trichloroacetic acid in water is plotted as function of wt%, mol/kg water and mol/l solution.

Densities of common products in Imperial (lbs/ft³) and SI units. A comprehensive reference table for bulk and material densities of various substances including chemicals, minerals, food products, and industrial materials.

Convert between common density units using conversion factors. Density is the ratio of mass per unit volume (ρ = m / V). Supports conversions between kg/m³, g/cm³, oz/in³, oz/gal, lb/ft³, lb/in³, lb/yd³, lb/gal, and long ton/yd³.

Comprehensive reference for density values of aqueous solutions of organic substances (sugars and alcohols) at 20°C. Includes data for mass%, molality (mol/kg), and molarity (mol/liter) concentrations.

Densities and molecular weights of common gases like acetylene, air, methane, nitrogen, oxygen and others.

Densities of various wood species - apple, ash, cedar, elm and more. Densities of seasoned & dry wood are indicated. This tool allows you to look up density values for different wood species and convert between density units.

Calculate density, specific gravity, and specific weight of substances. Includes formulas for mass per unit volume, relative density compared to water or air, and weight per unit volume.

Sizing and dimensions of control valves & equipment in steam and condensate systems.

Piping systems design strategies - documentation, P&ID, flow diagrams - capacities and limits.

Designation of large numbers in US vs. other countries.

Design for Assembly Index indicates how easy it is to assemble a component. It is calculated using the formula: DFA = 100 × Nm × tm / ta, where Nm is the theoretical minimum number of parts, tm is the minimum assembly time per part (s), and ta is the estimated total assembly time (s).

DFU (Drainage Fixture Unit Values) calculator based on the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC). Used to calculate drainage flow from fixtures and determine required capacities of sewer service systems. A fixture unit equals one cubic foot of water drained in a 1 1/4" pipe over one minute (≈ 7.48 U.S. gpm, ≈ 0.47 l/s).

Properties of saturated liquid Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 - CCl2F2 - density, specific heat capacity, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number.

Properties of saturated liquid Dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2 - R-12) including density, specific heat, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number in imperial units.

The dielectric strength of a material is the ability of the material to act as an insulator. It represents the voltage that a material of a given thickness will resist. With higher voltage than the dielectric strength, a spark will pass through the material.

Derivatives and differentiation expressions. A subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change.

Physical and chemical dimensionless quantities - Reynolds number, Euler, Nusselt, and Prandtl number - and many more. Calculator for dimensionless numbers used in chemistry, fluid flow and physics engineering.

Pipe, tube and fittings sizes and dimensions. Inside and outside diameters, weights and more.

Specific heat of Dimethyl Propylmethane Gas - C6H18 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 800 K. Reference: 1 kJ/kgK = 0.2389 kcal/(kg oC) = 0.2389 Btu/lbmoF

The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is a non-governmental organization recognized by the German government as the national standards body. DIN promotes rationalization, quality assurance, safety, and environmental protection through over 12,000 standards covering topics including physical quantities, fasteners, water analysis, building engineering, materials testing, and process engineering.

Reference table for dirt and mud density values used in engineering calculations and material specifications.

Calculate the Discomfort Index based on dry bulb, wet bulb, and dew point temperatures. The higher the value, the higher the level of discomfort.

Calculate net price after applying single or multiple discount rates to a list price. Enter the list price and up to 4 discount rates to compute the final net price.

Calculate compound amount, present worth, annuities, sinking funds, and capital recovery using discrete compounding cash flow formulas

Calculate the mean, median, and mode values of a discrete data set. Enter comma-separated values to analyze statistical measures including arithmetic mean, median (middle value), and mode (most frequent value).

Forces and torque activated with disk brakes. Calculate braking torque capacity and required pad pressure.

Calculate the distance between two points in a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system using the Euclidean distance formula.

Flight distances between cities worldwide. Choose your departure and destination cities to find the distance in kilometers or miles. Data includes distances for European, American, Middle Eastern, African, Asian, and Oceania cities.

Calculate the total distance traveled by multiplying speed and time intervals. Velocity plotted in time used diagram - the area under the graph is distance traveled.

Weight or density of ditch filling materials. Reference table for typical densities of common ditch-filling materials in both imperial (lb/ft³) and metric (kg/m³) units.

A comprehensive guide for designing hot water service systems, including demand calculation, calorifier selection, boiler sizing, and pipe design procedures.

Tool for designing domestic water supply systems with gravity tanks or pressurized tanks, including buffer tank capacity estimation and system comparison analysis.

Lime deposited vs. temperature and water consumption. Calculate lime deposits in water supply systems based on dissolved calcium and magnesium (hard water) at various temperatures and consumption rates.

Physical properties of Dowtherm A heat transfer fluid. DOWTHERM™ A is a eutectic mixture of biphenyl and diphenyl oxide, suitable for non-pressurized liquid phase systems with a maximum temperature of 550 °F (288 °C).

Calculate drag force, work, and power required to overcome air resistance on a moving object. The drag force is determined by the drag coefficient, fluid density, velocity, and frontal area.

Vents transport sewer gas through the building to open air space. Properly installed vents prevent traps from siphoning and sewage gas from leaking into the interior building. This tool provides reference data for individual vents, relief vents, circuit vents, branch vents, and stack vents, including sizing requirements and maximum length specifications.

Support of Drain Waste and Vent - DWV - pipes. Both vertical and horizontal drainage pipes must be supported properly. Recommended maximum distances between the hangers are indicated in the table below.

Drainage Fixture Units (DFU) connected to building drains and sewers. Charts are based on clean pipes with friction coefficients that may vary with pipe material. DFU values are defined by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and are used to determine required drainage capacities from fixtures and service systems.

Calculate the resultant force and moment acting on a drawbridge at various elevation angles. For horizontal beams, F = q*L and M = F*a. For elevated beams, the moment varies with the lifting angle: M = F*cos(α)*L/2.

Tool for calculating actual dimensions from blueprint drawings using standard drawing scales (SI-units 1:20, 1:50, 1:100 or Imperial units 1/4", 1/8")

Standard drawing sheets layouts. Standard layouts of drawing sheets are specified by the various standards organizations.

Standard metric drawing sheet sizes based on ISO A-series paper standards. The ISO A0 size is defined as having an area of one square meter, with each smaller sheet size being exactly half the area of the previous size.

Calculate driving distances and convert between kilometers and miles for major European cities

Density and specific volume of dry air and water vapor at temperatures ranging 225 to 900 °F (107 to 482 °C) at atmospheric pressure (29.96 inches Mercury, 14.696 psia, 101.33 kPa).

Thermodynamic and physical properties of dry air including specific heat, ratio of specific heats, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, Prandtl number, density, kinematic viscosity, and thermal diffusivity at temperatures ranging from 175 K to 1900 K.

Determine the state of humid air using Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb, and Dew Point temperatures. These three parameters characterize moist air properties including water vapor content and enthalpy.

Drying temperature and time for products like food, coffee, fruits, lumber and more.

Heat flow thermal resistance of unfaced and faced duct wrap insulation. Faced insulation has a vapor paper or plastic facing retarder, while unfaced insulation lacks the retarder. The vapor retarder helps prevent mold and mildew. Faced insulation should be used in exterior walls and attic ceilings.

Maximum sizes of ducts or pipes through K series joists. K series are common open web joists, standard sized for typical applications. K types span from 8' to 60' across with depths of 8" to 30".

Critical temperatures and concentration parameters for substances like coal, zinc, uranium and more. Analyze dust explosion hazards based on ignition temperature, minimum explosive concentration, and relative explosion hazard levels.

Convert dynamic viscosity values between units like Poiseuille, Poise, centiPoise, and more. Fluid viscosity is an important property in the analysis of liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries.

Calculate dynamic pressure of a flowing fluid using the formula pd = 1/2 ρ v². Supports both SI and Imperial units for fluid density and velocity calculations.

Calculator for converting between dynamic (absolute) viscosity and kinematic viscosity. Includes conversions between Pa·s, cP, cSt, and SSU units.

Calculate the resultant force, position, and maximum bending moment due to earth pressure acting on basement walls with 1st floor above or at ground level.

Richter Magnitude, Moment Magnitude and Mercalli Intensity - a comprehensive reference table for understanding earthquake scales and their measurements.

Calculate the relationship between effective and nominal interest rates. The nominal interest rate is typically expressed per year, while the effective interest rate applies to sub-periods like months, weeks, or days. Use this tool to convert between nominal and effective interest rates.

Biocide effectiveness against bacteria, fungi and algae with information on oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, their pH ranges, and applications.

The measure of usefulness of an operation, process or machine. Efficiency is calculated as the ratio of output to input (μ = Wo / Wi).

Calculate hydraulic, mechanical, volumetric, and overall efficiency for pumps or fans, considering losses from friction, leakage, and mechanical components.

Calculate and analyze the efficiency of small machine elements. This tool helps engineers and designers evaluate performance metrics for various small mechanical components.

Elastomers or rubbers are amorphic polymers with crosslinked linear chain molecules that ensures elasticity and the return of the material to its original shape when load is removed.

Typical operating temperature-ranges and characteristics for various elastomers according to DIN ISO 1629 standards

Amps vs. cable size for fixed installations in buildings. Current ratings for fixed cable installations within buildings based on PVC-wiring and PVC-insulated cables. Operating temperature max. 70°C, ambient temperature max. 70°C.

Online shareable electric circuit diagram. Use Google Drive to make and share electric circuit drawings.

Calculate voltage drop in electric circuits using Ohm's law and other methods. Voltage drop is calculated using resistance and current, or by using specific resistivity with wire properties, or by using conductor factors.

Calculator for determining temperature rise in an electric heated object or mass. Uses the principle that electric energy supplied equals thermal energy change: P·t·μ = c·m·dT. Heat loss during heating is neglected in this calculation.

Sizing of copper wire and transformers for three phase 230 & 460V electrical motors. This tool provides wire gauge recommendations based on motor horsepower, voltage, apparent power, and distance from motor to transformer.

480V electrical motor wiring data - NEMA amps, starter size, HMCP size for motors ranging 1/2 to 500 hp. Reference data for motor circuit protection, phase wires, ground, and conduit sizing.

Electrical motor efficiency is the ratio between shaft output power and electrical input power. This tool calculates motor efficiency based on input and output power, and displays NEMA Design B efficiency standards.

IEC and NEMA torque classifications of electrical motors. Torques are classified by power (hp), pole configuration, and motor design type with measurements in lb ft.

Calculate and compare torque, power, and speed relationships for electric motors. Includes imperial and SI unit conversions with reference data tables for common motor ratings.

The physiological effects of electric shocks. The effect of an electrical shock on a body is primarily determined by the electric current flowing through the body.

Calculate single and bunched electric wire cross-section area and diameter.

Maximum length of 240 V single phase electric wire with max. 2% voltage drop.

Electric resistance in wire made of Copper, Aluminum, Brass, Constantan, Nichrome, Platinum, Silver or Tungsten.

A comprehensive reference for electrical conductivity values of elements and other materials, including conductivity relative to silver and resistivity conversion data.

Full load amps in 120 and 240 volts electrical DC motors. This tool provides reference data for full-load current ratings of DC motors at different voltage levels.

Electrical distribution systems commonly used in Europe and USA

Reference guide for NEMA electrical enclosure types used in hazardous and non-hazardous locations, including their classifications, protection features, and applications.

Calculate energy consumption for common electrical equipment based on power rating and running time. This tool helps estimate the kWh usage for typical household and office appliances.

Common electrical formulas including Ohm's Law, Electric Power, Electric Energy, and Electrical Motor calculations

Calculate electrical inductance in serial and parallel connected inductors. Choose between serial connection (L = L1 + L2 + ... + Ln) or parallel connection (1/L = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + ... + 1/Ln).

Calculate the slip of an AC induction motor based on the synchronous speed of the magnetic field and the shaft rotating speed. Slip is the difference between the synchronous speed and actual shaft speed, expressed as a percentage.

Calculate the synchronous speed of an induction motor based on power supply frequency and number of poles. The synchronous speed is determined by the formula: n = f (2 / p) 60, where n is shaft rotation speed (rpm), f is frequency (Hz), and p is the number of poles.

Calculate torque developed by asynchronous induction motors. Includes locked rotor torque, pull-up torque, break-down torque, and full-load torque calculations for electrical motors in both metric (kW) and imperial (hp) units.

Trade sizes and max. distance between conduit supports for Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) - Thinwall Conduit. Reference: NEC Article 344 and Article 358.

Calculate amps, hp and kVA for electrical motors. This calculator helps determine electric motor amps, horsepower and 3-phase kVA based on input parameters.

Electrical motors NEMA frame dimensions according to NEMA 1984 standards. Contains frame designation and dimensions in inches for various motor frame types.

Full load amps for single and 3-phase 460 volts, 230 volts and 115 volts electric motors. Includes single-phase, three-phase, and DC motor specifications.

Calculate heat loss from an electrical motor to the surroundings based on motor size and efficiency

Electrical motors horsepower rating vs. their ampere rating. Calculate ampere ratings based on power rating (hp), voltage (VAC), and efficiency (%).

Electrical motors NEMA temperature and insulation classes. Electrical insulation systems are rated by standard NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) classifications according to maximum allowable operating temperature.

NEMA locked rotor indicating code letters for electrical motors. Classifies motors by the ratio of locked rotor kVA per horsepower according to NEMA standards.

Maximum electrical motor cable length vs. power. Three phase 230 V electrical motors and maximum cable length with 3% calculated voltage drop.

National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standardized frame assignments for single-phase motors, polyphase squirrel-cage motors (open time), and polyphase squirrel-cage motors (fan-cooled) in horizontal and vertical orientations.

Calculate design power based on motor power and service factor. Service factor (SF) is a measure of periodic overload capacity at which a motor can operate without being damaged.

Calculate shaft power produced by electrical motors in watts and horsepower. Supports DC and AC (single phase, two phase, three phase) motors with adjustable voltage, current, motor efficiency, and power factor.

Copper wire gage and transformer size for single phase 230 volts electrical motors. Provides recommended wire gauge (AWG) and transformer apparent power (kVA) based on motor horsepower and distance from motor to transformer.

Speed of an operating electrical motor with load is lower than the synchronous speed (no load) of the motor. This tool provides synchronous and approximate speed (rpm) at rated load for small and medium motors operating at 60 Hz and 50 Hz.

The speed of electrical motors with 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles at 50 Hz and 60 Hz. The speed at which an electric induction motor operates depends on the input power frequency and the number of electrical magnetic poles.

NEMA - electrical motor efficiency ratings. The efficiency of an electrical motor is the ratio of mechanical power output to electric power input.

Calculate total resistance and current for resistors connected in series and parallel configurations, including individual currents through each resistor.

The reciprocal of electrical resistance is conductance. This tool calculates the relationship between resistance (Ω) and conductance (S) using the formulas R = U / I and G = 1 / R.

Calculate total resistance, current, and power in a series circuit with multiple resistors connected to a voltage source.

Comprehensive reference guide for electrical units including Ampere, Coulomb, Farad, Ohm, Henry, Joule, Siemens, Watt, Weber, Tesla, and Volt with conversions and definitions.

EV Charging - AC vs. DC, single phase vs. three phase and power vs. voltage and amps.

Typical voltages and frequencies used for domestic appliances in different countries.

The electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths and frequencies. Explore the distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to energy, frequency, and wavelength across different types of radiation.

Change in electrical potential between two points. Calculate voltage, power, and current relationships in electrical circuits.

Ellipse, circle, hyperbola, parabola, parallel, intersecting and coincident lines. Explore the simplest curves (straight lines) and second degree conics curves.

Elements and their boiling points. Look up boiling point temperatures in Celsius for various chemical elements.

Melting points of elements in degrees Celsius. Look up the melting point of any chemical element.

Comprehensive reference tool displaying physical properties of periodic table elements including atomic data, states of matter, thermodynamic properties, and electronic characteristics. Includes melting/boiling points, density, electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionization energy.

Calculate the force and power required to lift an elevator between different elevation levels, including constant speed force and acceleration forces.

Combustion of biomasses and their emission. Calculate typical uncontrolled emissions from combustion of biomass in boilers.

Gaseous pollutants emissions from human bodies

The radiation heat transfer emissivity coefficients for common materials. The emissivity coefficient (ε) indicates the radiation of heat from a 'grey body' according to the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, compared with an ideal 'black body' (ε = 1). Emissivity values are based on a reference temperature of 300 K.

Equations based on observations and experience.

Calculator for dimensions and weights of steel tubes according to BS EN 10255 standard. Select nominal bore size and tube weight class (Light, Medium, or Heavy) to retrieve corresponding specifications including outside diameter, wall thickness, and weight per meter.

Calculator for EN 1057 Copper and copper alloys - Seamless, round copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications. Calculate inner diameter and cross-sectional area based on nominal outside diameter and wall thickness.

Dimensions and specifications for seamless, round copper tubes used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems according to EN 12735 standard

Calculator and visualization tool for dimensions of seamless round copper and copper alloy tubes for medical gases or vacuum according to EN 13348 standard. Calculate inner diameter, cross-sectional area, and weight based on nominal outside diameter and wall thickness.

Energy is the capacity to do work. This tool helps calculate energy efficiency and convert between energy units.

Calculate the thermal energy stored in heated water using the formula E = cp × ΔT × m, where cp is the specific heat of water (4.2 kJ/kg°C), ΔT is the temperature difference, and m is the mass of water. The result is converted to kWh.

Calculate Energy Line (EL), Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL), and associated head components using the Bernoulli Equation for steady, incompressible flow analysis

Energy balance and energy payback ratio calculator. Calculate system energy output related to system energy input.

Heating fuels and their energy content. Reference table showing energy content in commonly used energy sources measured in BTU (British Thermal Units).

A tool for converting between different energy units and calculating energy conversion factors. Use this tool to quickly convert energy values between various measurement systems.

Calculate and visualize pressure loss and head loss in fluid flow systems using the Energy Equation. Includes major friction losses and minor dynamic losses for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes.

Calculator for fluid energy transfer using the equation Q = m × cp × ΔT, where Q is the quantity of energy transferred, m is the mass of substance, cp is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature difference.

Oil viscosity vs. temperature. Indicates appropriate engine oil and gear oil viscosity based on ambient (startup) temperatures. Lower temperatures and increased viscosity restrict lubrication, while higher temperatures reduce viscosity which may limit lubrication film thickness.

Specific heat and density of new engine oil related to temperature.

Comprehensive reference for typical properties of engineering materials including steel, plastics, ceramics, and composites. Compare density, tensile modulus, tensile strength, specific modulus, specific strength, and maximum service temperature across different material categories.

The EU environmental noise exposure metrics Leq24h, LDay, LEvening, LNight, Ldn, and Lden for road, rail and air traffic noise sources. Calculates cumulative exposure (Lden) over a 24-hour period based on day, evening, and night noise levels.

Comprehensive chemical resistance guide for epoxy materials, providing resistance ratings for various chemicals at different temperature conditions

Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes. Maximum distance between epoxy fiberglass pipe supports at different operating temperatures. Maximum operating temperature for epoxy pipes should not exceed 300 °F (149 °C).

Calculate radius and side lengths of equal areas for circles and squares. Solve for the radius of a circle or side of a square when they have equal areas.

Equations used in fluid mechanics - like Bernoulli, conservation of energy, conservation of mass, pressure, Navier-Stokes, ideal gas law, Euler equations, Laplace equations, Darcy-Weisbach Equation and more.

The force required to keep a system of forces in equilibrium.

The mechanical, thermal, electrostatic, phase or chemical states of equilibrium.

Calculate the equivalent length and minor pressure head loss in pipe and duct components using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and minor loss coefficients.

Calculate and display the density and specific weight of ethane at varying temperatures and pressures. Density (ρ) is defined as the ratio of mass to volume, typically measured in kg/m³ or lb/ft³. Specific weight (γ) is the ratio of weight to volume, typically measured in N/m³ or lbf/ft³, and equals ρ × g where g is gravitational acceleration.

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethane at atmospheric pressure for given temperatures. Outputs include multiple unit conversions for both viscosity types.

Calculator for estimating the thermal conductivity of ethane at given temperature and pressure. Thermal conductivity describes the ability to conduct heat and is expressed in multiple units including mW/(m K), Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), (Btu(IT) in)/(h ft2°F) and kcal(IT)/(h m K).

Thermophysical properties of Ethane (C2H6) including molecular weight, density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, critical parameters, and combustion properties at standard conditions and varying temperature and pressure.

Density, specific heat and more of liquid ethane. Thermal properties of liquid Ethane C2H6 at the vapor liquid phase boundary.

Calculate the density and specific weight of liquid ethanol at given temperature and pressure. Provides outputs in multiple unit systems including SI (kg/m³, N/m³) and Imperial (lb/ft³, lbf/ft³) units.

Calculate the dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity of ethanol at given temperatures and pressures. The calculator provides output in multiple units including Pa·s, cP, mPa·s, cSt, m²/s, and ft²/s.

Calculator and data table for specific heat (Cp and Cv) of liquid ethanol at varying temperature and pressure. Includes isobaric (constant pressure) and isochoric (constant volume) specific heat values.

Calculate and reference thermophysical properties of Ethanol (C2H5OH) including density, viscosity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and other physical and chemical properties at standard conditions (25°C, 1 bara).

Calculator and reference for ethanol-based water solutions freezing points, flash points, and mixture calculations

Density of Ethyl Alcohol aqueous solutions. This tool provides density values for ethanol-water mixtures at various temperatures and ethanol weight percentages. The composition is mass ethanol per mass of solution.

Calculate and display density and specific weight of ethylene at varying temperatures and pressures in SI and Imperial units. This tool provides comprehensive tables and conversions for ethylene properties across different states (liquid, gas, supercritical phase).

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethylene at varying temperatures and pressures. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.

Calculate and view thermal conductivity of ethylene as a function of temperature and pressure. Thermal conductivity is a material property that describes the ability to conduct heat. This tool provides data in both SI units (mW/m K) and Imperial units (Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), kcal(IT)/(h m K), and (Btu(IT) in)/(h ft2°F)).

Comprehensive thermophysical properties of Ethylene (C2H4), a highly flammable, colorless gas. This tool provides detailed chemical, physical and thermal properties at standard conditions (25°C, 1 bar) and includes critical point data, phase diagrams, and conversion between different unit systems.

Specific heat of Ethylene Gas - C2H4 - temperatures ranging 175 - 900 K. This tool allows you to view and interpolate specific heat values at different temperatures.

Comprehensive reference for ethylene glycol based water solution properties including density, viscosity, specific gravity, freezing points, and boiling points at various temperatures and concentrations.

Globally applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT).

A dimensionless value used for analyzing fluid flow dynamics problems where the pressure difference between two points is important. The Euler Number measures the ratio of pressure forces to inertial forces.

Convert between energy consumption units like miles/kWh and kWh/100 km for electric vehicles.

Calculator to estimate the range of an electric vehicle based on battery size, state of charge (SOC), and energy consumption. Can also be used to estimate required state of charge from desired range.

Calculate electric vehicle charging speed in km/h or mph based on charging power and energy consumption. Supports multiple calculation methods: power-based, voltage/current-based, and energy/time-based approaches.

Calculator for water evaporation from open surfaces like pools and tanks. Computes evaporated water amount and required heat supply based on water temperature, air conditions, and surface parameters.

Analyze direct and indirect evaporative cooling systems showing temperature and humidity changes. Compare dry bulb temperature reduction, relative humidity changes, and cooling effectiveness for both direct and indirect evaporative cooling processes.

Calculate excavation slope requirements based on soil type and excavation depth

The laws of fractional and integer exponents including formulas for integer and fractional exponent operations.

Size of extension cords - full load ratings with 115 V. Determines the required wire gauge for extension cords based on length and amperage requirements.

Calculate the Factor of Safety (FOS) for structural and mechanical engineering applications. FOS is expressed as the ratio of failure load or stress to allowable load or stress, helping engineers ensure safe design margins.

Calculate Sound Power Level generated by fans using empirical equations. Select between SI or Imperial units and choose the appropriate formula based on available parameters (motor power, static pressure/head, or volume discharged).

Average daily water consumption of various farm animals, including cattle, horses, sheep, and poultry.

Bolts, nuts and threaded rods - torque, tension and loads

Wood screws, machine screws, sheet metal screws, self drilling SMS and more.

Cavitation of impellers increases with water temperatures. This tool helps determine safe suction lift and pressure head limits based on feeding water temperature to avoid cavitation in feed pumps.

Guidance on feed water treatment methods to prevent corrosion in steam systems, including scavenger chemicals (Sodium Sulfite, Hydrazine, Sodium Erythorbate) and deaeration towers. Covers pressure ratings, application methods, and considerations for different system types.

Convert from feet and inches to inches. This tool provides a comprehensive conversion chart showing the relationship between feet, inches, and total inches, along with metric equivalents.

Thermal conductivity of fiberglass insulation - temperature and k-values.

Mechanical properties of fibers used to reinforce polymer composites.

Calculate the number of cords in a pile of firewood by measuring length, width, and height. A cord is a standardized unit of stacked wood volume: 128 cubic feet or 3.62 cubic meters.

Openings for electrical and HVAC installations in smoke and fire-rated constructions must be sealed to resist the passage of heat, fire and smoke. Fire stop systems are categorized by their flame, temperature, and smoke ratings according to ASTM E814 standards.

Required water for firefighting. Water demand for firefighting can be estimated using the formula Q = 1020 n^(1/2) (1 - 0.01 n^(1/2)) where Q is water demand in gpm and n is population in thousands.

Supply requirements for common fixtures. Each fixture in a water supply system represents a certain demand of water.

Content of hot water in some common used fixtures - basins, sinks and baths. The table below provides an indication of normal hot water content in fixtures.

Hot water consumption of fixtures like basins, showers, sinks and baths.

Recommended drain trap sizes for different types of fixtures

The flash point of a chemical substance is the lowest temperature where enough fluid can evaporate to form a combustible concentration of gas. This tool provides flash points for common liquids and fuels at atmospheric pressure.

Generation of flash steam in steam and condensate systems. Thermodynamic fundamentals, heat loss, energy recovery and more.

Calculate the amount of flash steam generated when condensate passes through steam traps based on steam pressure before and after the trap. The tool uses imperial units (psig) and provides the percentage of condensate that evaporates as flash steam.

Calculate the percentage of flash steam generated from condensate at different steam pressures. Flash steam is generated when condensate leaves steam traps, and the amount depends on the pressure difference before and after the condensate trap.

Weight of float glass. Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal.

Analyze floor vibrations from human activities and calculate resonance frequencies. Includes wooden beam floors and concrete floors on various ground materials.

Comparing flow coefficients Cv to flow factors Kv. Convert between imperial (Cv) and metric (Kv) flow coefficients for control valves.

Calculate area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius for geometric flow sections including rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, and circular channels.

Calculate turndown ratio (rangeability) for flow measurement devices like orifices and venturi meters. Turndown ratio compares the maximum flow to minimum flow to determine the span or range of flow measurement devices.

Flue gas dew point temperatures and condensation of water vapor.

Calculate the entrance length and entrance length number for laminar and turbulent flow in tubes and ducts. The entrance length is the distance required for a fluid flow velocity profile to become fully developed after passing through components like bends, valves, or pumps.

Calculator for the Equation of Continuity based on conservation of mass in steady flow processes. Calculates output velocity for fluids with uniform density through pipes and ducts using the formula: vout = vin × Ain / Aout

Calculate the equivalent diameter of rectangular, oval, and oblong ducts or pipes. The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a circular duct that produces the same pressure loss as an equivalent rectangular duct for equal flow.

The behavior of ideal compressible gas can be described with Euler equations. The Euler Equations govern the motion of compressible, inviscid fluids.

Calculate hydraulic diameter for various duct and pipe configurations. The hydraulic diameter is the characteristic length used in Reynolds Number calculations and the Darcy-Weisbach equation for pressure loss. This calculator supports circular, concentric circular, and rectangular geometries.

Fluid flow and pressure loss in pipe lines. Water and sewer systems. Steel pipes, PVC pipes, copper tubes and more.

A comprehensive comparison of different fluid flowmeter types including differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel flowmeters with their characteristics, principles, and selection considerations.

Imperial (USCS) and SI dimensions and units terminology in fluid mechanics. Reference guide for converting between Imperial/USCS and SI units across various fluid mechanics parameters.

Calculate kinetic energy stored in a rotating flywheel using moment of inertia and angular velocity. A flywheel stores energy mechanically to smooth energy fluctuations in intermittent operating machines.

Energy in carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The specific energy content in carbohydrates, fats and proteins in food.

pH in common food products - like apples, butter, wines and more. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) activity in a solution and, therefore, its acidity or alkalinity.

Specific heat of common food and foodstuff like apples, bass, beef, pork and many more. Find specific heat values above and below freezing in multiple unit systems.

Bulk densities of some common food products like grain, corn, barley, sugar and more.

Osmotic pressure in food products. Reverse-osmosis membrane systems can be used to remove water from water-solute mixtures. This tool displays osmotic pressures for common food products.

Absolute (dynamic) viscosity for common food products.

Common bacteria and viruses found in food and their associated diseases transmitted to humans

Thermal conductivity of selected foodstuff like apples, beef, sugar and more. This table presents thermal conductivity values for various food products along with their water content and measurement temperatures.

Thermal diffusivity of some selected food products. Thermal diffusivity is the rate of transfer of heat of a material from the hot side to the cold side - a measure of how quickly a material can absorb heat from its surroundings. Calculated using the formula: α = k / (ρ × CP), where k is thermal conductivity (W/(mK)), ρ is density (kg/m³), and CP is specific heat capacity (J/(kgK)). Values are in units of 10⁻⁷ m²/s.

Calculate force based on mass and acceleration using Newton's second law (F = ma). The tool supports calculations for basic force, gravitational force, and net force scenarios.

The force ratio is the load force versus the effort force. A machine is a device that can change the magnitude and line of the action of force. The force ratio can be expressed as Fr = F / S, where Fr is the force ratio (mechanical advantage), F is the load force (N, lbf), and S is the effort force (N, lbf).

Maximum force or power available in human operated machines

Calculate normal forces introduced by wedges. Large forces can be generated with the aid of wedges, where a small force can be translated into large forces using the wedge angle.

Calculator for determining the horizontal and vertical forces acting on a body moving on a horizontal plane. Enter the total force F and the angle α to calculate the horizontal force Q and vertical force P.

Reduced load capacities in ropes, cables or lines - due to acting angle. Calculate increased force or tension in a rope or cable based on angles and load.

Calculate and compare energy content (calorific value) of various fossil and alternative fuels. Includes higher and lower heating values for gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels.

The inches fractional and decimal equivalents. Convert between fractions and decimal inches with this comprehensive reference table.

Law of fractions - Learn about numerators, denominators, and operations on fractions including addition, multiplication, and division.

Online Moody friction flow factor calculator - as used in the Darcy-Weisbach major loss equation.

Practical storage life for common frozen food products. Recommended maximum freezing time for some common food products at different temperature levels.

Optimal temperature and humidity conditions for common fruits and vegetables. Proper storage conditions - temperature and humidity - are required to maximize storage life and maintain quality of harvested fruits and vegetables.

Calculate fuel consumption in miles per gallon - mpg - calculator and consumption charts.

Convert between fuel consumption units like US MPG, Imperial MPG, litre/nm, litre/100 km and km/litre

Online fuels energy equivalents calculator for oil, gas and more. Convert between common fuel energy equivalents including Btu, natural gas, and other fuel types.

Combustion values for fuel gases like natural gas, propane and butane - Btu per cubic feet.

Adiabatic flame temperatures for common fuel gases - propane, butane, acetylene and more - in air or oxygen atmospheres. Initial gas, air and oxygen temperature at 20°C. Stoichiometric Combustion - no excess air/oxygen.

Wobbe index for fuel gases like propane, butane, methane and more. The Wobbe Index indicates the interchange ability of a fuel gas and is the best indicator of similarity between natural gas and a specific propane-air mixture.

An oil burner is a mechanical device that combines fuel oil with proper amounts of air before delivering the mixture to the point of ignition in a combustion chamber. This tool provides information on different types of fuel oil burners including gun-type, pot-type, and rotary burners.

Combustion values in Btu/gal for fuel oils No.1 to No.6. The heat or combustion value of a fuel oil can be expressed as the quantity of heat (Btu per gallon) released during the combustion process where the oxygen from the air reacts with the hydrogen and carbon in the fuel.

Single stage and double stage fuel oil pumps and their suction capacities.

Fuel oil storage tanks dimensions according to National Board Standards and European Standards EN-12285-1 and EN-12285-2

Calculator for fuel oil density and volume corrections based on temperature using ASTM D 1250-04 and IP 200/04 standards. Estimate fuel oil densities at different temperatures and calculate volume correction factors.

Fuels and their boiling points. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid.

Combustion air and flue gas for common fuels - coke, oil, wood, natural gas and more. Calculate theoretical air requirements and flue gas production for various fuel types including solids, gases, and fluids.

Densities and specific volumes of fuels like anthracite, butane, gasoil, diesel, coke, oil, wood and more.

Online petroleum-based fuels properties database. Access comprehensive fuel specifications and properties for various petroleum-based fuels.

Autoignition points for fuels and chemicals like butane, coke, hydrogen, petroleum and more. The Autoignition Temperature is the minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor in air without a spark or flame being present.

Flue gas dew point temperatures for some fuels.

A tornado intensity rating scale based on damage to human-built structures and vegetation

Melting points, heat of fusions, boiling points and heat to evaporate common substances - like hydrogen, water, gold and more. Displays thermal properties of materials at 1 atm pressure.

Convert between gallons and pounds of water, and vice versa.

Introduction to electrochemical series and corrosion of metals. Explore standard electrode potentials and understand galvanic corrosion when connecting different metals.

Gas marks on gas ovens and heat or temperature developed. This calculator converts between gas marks and their corresponding temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius, along with heating descriptions.

We care about your privacy! This tool handles gas data calculations and processing with respect to user privacy and GDPR compliance.

Calculate properties of gas mixtures including mass, individual gas constant, and density using the ideal gas law adapted for gas mixtures.

Materials approved for gas pipes. Review of approved materials including steel, copper, brass, ductile iron, aluminum, PVC, and PE pipes with their specific applications and restrictions.

Sizing gas pipes for apartment service lines. Based on schedule 40 steel pipe for low pressure services lines with pressure head 6 inH2O and gas with 0.6 specific gravity and pressure drop 0.3 inH2O.

Determines the required clearance for gas vent termination based on roof slope angle. This tool helps ensure proper installation of gas vents in compliance with building codes and safety standards.

Chemical composition of gaseous fuels like coal gas, natural gas, propane and more.

A calculator tool for controlling valve parameters in gas systems. This tool helps engineers and technicians calculate and manage valve control settings for optimal gas flow and pressure management.

Dangerous vs. tolerable concentration levels for some industrial gases.

Absolute (dynamic) viscosities of some common gases at normal pressure. Viscosities are given in units of 10⁻⁵ Pa·s across various temperatures from 0°C to 600°C.

Flame and explosion limits for gases like propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more. Calculate safe ventilation levels based on LEL/LFL concentration limits.

Gross heat and net heat values for gases like hydrogen, methane and more.

Molar specific heats for some common gases at constant volume. This table provides approximate molar specific heats at constant volume at room temperature for common gases in kcal/kmole K.

A reference tool for the ratios of specific heat (k = cp/cv) for various gases. The ratio of specific heat is a dimensionless property that represents the relationship between specific heat at constant pressure and specific heat at constant volume for ideal gases.

Specific gravities of air, ammonia, butadiene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and some other common gases. Specific gravity is the ratio between the density of an actual gas and the density of air at NTP (Normal Temperature and Pressure: 20°C and 1 atm).

Calculate specific heat at constant volume (cv), specific heat at constant pressure (cp), specific heat ratio (κ), and individual gas constants (R) for common ideal gases. Reference values at 68°F (20°C) and 14.7 psia (1 atm).

Density, specific heat, dynamic and kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity of gasoline vs. temperature

Output torque, speed and horsepower with gears.

Calculate bicycle wheel distance traveled based on pedaling revolutions, chainset teeth, and cassette teeth. Supports both SI and Imperial units.

Gears effort force vs. load force.

Geological periods and time scale covering the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Pre-Cambrian eras.

Calculate areas and related measurements for various geometric shapes including squares, rectangles, triangles, circles, and 3D shapes.

Calculate the resultant or globe temperature, a more representative measure of temperature comfort than air temperature alone. The globe temperature combines mean radiation temperature and air temperature using the formula: tg = 0.5 × tmr + 0.5 × ta

Common sizing of glue-laminated timber. Glued laminated timber is a structural engineered wood product made of layers of dimensioned lumber bonded together with adhesives.

Calculator for boiling and freezing points of glycerine (glycerin/glycerol) aqueous solutions. The boiling points decrease with increased glycerine concentration, while freezing points decrease until 66.7% glycerine concentration, then increase above that threshold.

Calculator for melting points of gold binary eutectic alloys. View composition data and convert between temperature scales (Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit) for various Au-based alloys including Bismuth, Cadmium, Cerium, Germanium, Lanthanum, Magnesium, Manganese, Sodium, Lead, Antimony, Silicon, Tin, Tellurium, Thallium, and Uranium.

Golden Section also called the Golden Mean. The Golden Section is an irrational proportion defined as a line cut in such a way that the ratio between the smaller section to the greater equals the ratio of the greater section to the whole line. The ratio of the two lengths in the Golden Section is called phi (Φ = 1.618).

Gravel aggregate covering area.

Temperature limits for grease - a combination of oil and thickener.

Calculator for Great Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF), which determines the capacity of a cooling coil to handle sensible heat load and cool fresh make-up air. GSHF is independent of total air flow and is calculated from sensible/total heat generation, fresh air mass flow, specific heat, temperatures, and specific enthalpies.

A comprehensive reference for the Greek alphabet with character representations, HTML entities, decimal and hexadecimal codes, and their scientific and engineering applications.

Comparing sandpaper grit size and surface roughness. This tool provides the relationship between sandpaper grit size and the resulting surface roughness measurement.

Gross combustion values for materials like carbon, methane, ethylene and more - values in Btu/lb. This tool provides reference data for common combustible materials and includes conversion factors between different energy units.

Species of hardwood vs. softwood. Softwood comes from gymnosperms (mostly conifers), while hardwood comes from angiosperms (flowering plants).

Hardwood and softwood drill speed chart. Find recommended drill bit speeds in RPM for various materials including softwood, hardwood, acrylic, brass, aluminum, and steel across different drill bit types.

Sizing of hardwood lumber. Dimensional lumber made from hardwood varies from the sizes used for softwood. Reference table for hardwood lumber dimensional sizes with rough sizes, nominal sizes, and actual dimensions in inches and millimeters.

A simple harmonic oscillator calculator. Calculates the time period of a simple harmonic oscillator based on mass and spring constant.

The flash point of a chemical indicates how easy it may ignite and burn. This tool helps you understand the relationship between flash point temperatures and hazard levels.

European Zone/Group classification system for hazardous areas based on IEC 60079 standards. Classifies areas by zone (gas/dust probability) and group (hazard material type).

A comprehensive tool for understanding and classifying hazardous areas in North America using both the Class/Division/Group system and the Zone/Group system. Determine required protection techniques for electrical installations in locations with flammable gases, vapors, combustible dusts, or ignitable fibers.

Hazen-Williams friction loss coefficients for commonly used piping materials. Coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation to calculate friction loss in ducts and pipes.

Calculate friction head loss in water pipes using the Hazen-Williams empirical equation. Determine head loss per 100 feet of pipe and total head loss for a given pipe length.

HE-A Steel Beams properties and specifications table. A comprehensive reference for HE-A series steel beam dimensions and characteristics.

Calculator and chart tool for HE-B steel beam properties, dimensions, and calculations.

Calculator for HE-M steel beam properties and calculations

The optimum relative humidity ranges for bacteria, viruses, fungi, mites, asthma and other health conditions. Relative humidity (RH) should be within certain limits for control of the health aspect.

Calculate heat capacity, specific heat capacity, and heat supplied using thermal properties. Supports conversions between specific heat and molar heat capacity.

Maximum work load vs. temperature and relative humidity.

The heat index can be used to indicate how an average person will perceive temperature and humidity and the human body ability to cool itself. This tool calculates the heat index in degrees Fahrenheit based on air temperature and relative humidity.

The influence of humidity on the apparent temperature and the heat index. The Heat Index indicates how hot it feels when relative humidity is combined with temperature.

Calculate heat loss and insulation requirements for pipes, tanks, and other surfaces. This tool helps engineers and designers determine thermal performance and insulation specifications.

Calculate temperature, moisture, and enthalpy transfer efficiency for heat recovery units in ventilation and air conditioning systems. Supports both Imperial and Metric units.

Wrapping factor when the heat loss from a pipe or tube is higher than the capacity of the heat trace cable. Calculates the "heat loss - cable output" ratio to determine if spiral wrapping is needed.

Average overall heat transmission coefficients for fluid and surface combinations like Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more. These coefficients are used to calculate total heat transfer through a wall or heat exchanger construction.

A comprehensive calculator for heat transfer, work calculations, and energy transformations. Includes tools for calculating heat required for temperature changes, work done by forces, gravitational work, work due to velocity changes, and kinetic energy.

Cost comparison formulas for heating fuels like Natural Gas, Propane LP Gas, Fuel Oil and Electricity.

Design of heating systems - capacities and design of boilers, pipelines, heat exchangers, expansion systems and more.

Calculate steam and condensate loads for steam heated systems including heat transfer through areas and heating up materials, with support for both heat quantity and heat rate calculations.

Combustion heat values for gases like acetylene, blast furnace gas, ethane, biogas and more - Gross and Net values.

Thermodynamic properties of heavy water (D2O) including density, melting temperature, boiling temperature, latent heat of fusion, latent heat of evaporation, critical temperature, and other key properties.

Calculate helium density and specific weight at given temperature and pressure. Provides density in multiple units (kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), sl/ft³) and specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Chemical, physical and thermal properties of Helium (He) at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure. Includes molecular weight, density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other thermodynamic properties in both imperial and metric units.

Distances between corners for hexagons and squares.

Tool for calculating and comparing gross (high) and net (low) heating values of fuels. Includes conversion between common heating value units (Btu/lb, J/kg, kcal/kg).

Hooke's law - force, elongation and spring constant. Calculate the force required to extend or compress a spring, or determine the spring constant needed for a given force and displacement.

Minimum pitch of horizontal drainage pipes. Drainage piping and recommended minimum slope or pitch.

Recommended maximum support span between hangers and rod sizes for straight horizontal pipes. This tool provides spacing recommendations and rod sizes based on pipe nominal diameter (NPS) and pipe material type.

Capacities of horizontal storm drain piping systems. Calculates the area to be drained based on drain pipe diameter and slope. Based on rainfall intensity of 100 mm/hour (4 inches/hour).

Calculate horsepower required by air compressors using adiabatic compression formula

Calculate the water horsepower required to pump water using flow rate and head, or delivered pressure. Includes both imperial and metric unit calculations.

Water discharge through hoses - pressure ranging 10 - 200 psi (0.75 - 14 bar). Calculate water flow discharge rates based on hose diameter and pressure.

Calculate the lifting force from a hot air balloon based on the density difference between balloon air and surrounding air, and the balloon volume using the formula: Fl = V (ρc - ρh) ag

Recommended dimensions for hot and cold water pipes. Determine the maximum numbers of draw offs served by a pipe based on nominal bore and pipe type.

Calculate boiler power and water flow relationships in imperial and SI units. Determine circulated water flow based on boiler capacity and temperature drop.

Calculate the required pump capacity for hot water circulation systems to maintain acceptable temperature drops in return pipes, especially for systems where the distance from the hot water heater to fixtures exceeds 25-30 meters.

Consumption of hot water per person or occupant. Flow rate and temperature are the primary factors to be determined in the hydraulic and thermal design of water-heating and piping systems.

Pressure loss calculator for hot water steel pipes. Estimates pressure loss based on pipe diameter, heat flow, and flow velocity for hot water heating systems with a 20°C temperature difference.

Dimensions and capacities of hot-water storage tanks. Find the hot-water storage capacity in gallons based on tank diameter and length.

Hot water consumption of some common equipment as basins, sinks, baths and showers.

Carrying capacity of house gas pipes - in imperial and metric units. Gas carrying capacities of pipe lines size 1/2" to 8" with pressure drop of 0.3 inches of water for low pressure gas with specific gravity 0.6.

Calculate the density of slurries using the standard formula. A slurry is a mixture of a solid and a liquid. Input the concentration of solids by weight, density of solids, and density of liquid to determine the slurry density.

Safe html color codes - Early browsers did not support more than 256 "safe" colors. This tool provides a comprehensive reference of 216 safe web colors made from combinations of hexadecimal values (0, 33, 66, 99, CC, FF).

Specific heat of the human body compared to substances like protein and wood. The human body's specific heat capacity is primarily influenced by its high water content (up to 60% in adults).

Composition of the human body. Shows the percentage share and mass in kg of various elements found in the human body based on total body mass.

Physiological effects from low-frequency noise or vibrations. Assess comfort levels based on vibration acceleration measurements.

Human work effort levels vs. energy expenditure and associated heart rates. Calculate energy expenditure in different units and understand heart rate ranges for various physical tasks.

Heat gain from persons in air conditioned spaces - in btu/hr. Calculate sensible and latent heat loads based on typical applications and number of occupants.

Age and life expectancy for men and women based on U.S. Social Security Administration Period Life Table 1997

Fresh air is required for respiration and for transport of heat and vapor emitted from the human body. This tool calculates heat loss from the human body at different dry bulb temperatures.

Relaxation rest time vs. working time and activity. Calculate required rest or relaxation time related to working time and power expenditure using the formula: tr = tt (qt - qm) / (qt - qr)

Calculate sensible heating of air without adding moisture, including enthalpy changes, temperature rise, and heat flow through heating coils using psychrometric principles.

Calculator for humid air properties using the Ideal Gas Law. Compute partial pressures of dry air and water vapor, total pressure, and individual gas constants based on temperature and density.

The Saffir-Simpson hurricane damage potential scale is used to describe the damage potential for hurricanes based on wind speed, central pressure, and storm surge.

Commonly used HVAC abbreviations and their meanings.

Draw HVAC diagrams online with this Google Drive drawing tool. FREE online HVAC diagram drawing template enabled for Google Drive. No installation required - just log in and copy the template to start creating your own diagrams. Select, copy and paste components, customize existing ones, share and collaborate online, and export diagrams to the public.

Common HVAC industry terms like absolute humidity, pressure, temperature and more.

Calculate the acting area of a hydraulic cylinder based on its diameter. Typical hydraulic cylinders and acting area vs. cylinder diameter.

Calculate the volumetric displacement of hydraulic cylinders using cylinder area and stroke length.

Pascal's Law calculator for hydraulic systems. Calculate forces in hydraulic cylinders and jacks based on pressure and area relationships.

Calculator for hydraulic force produced by double acting hydraulic pistons based on pressure and cylinder dimensions. Supports both imperial (psi, inches) and metric (bar, mm) units.

Calculate the power required for hydraulic pumping based on flow rate, pressure, and efficiency.

Motor size vs. flow rate, shaft torque, shaft power and hydraulic power.

Calculate hydraulic pump volume capacity in both Imperial (gpm) and Metric (l/s) units based on cylinder area, piston stroke, and time for full stroke.

Calculate average boiling point (ABP) of hydrocarbon mixtures based on molecular weight and specific gravity using Riazi-Daubert correlations. Two equations are provided: one for molecular weights 70-300 and another for 300-700.

Calculate average molecular weight of hydrocarbon mixtures based on specific gravity and mean average boiling point using Riazi-Daubert equations (1980 and extended models). Supports both Fahrenheit/Rankine and Celsius/Kelvin temperature scales.

Reference data for autoignition temperature (AIT) and flash point (FP) of different hydrocarbons. Autoignition temperature is the temperature at which a material spontaneously ignites in normal atmosphere. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapor can be ignited with an ignition source present.

Calculate melting points of pure hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, alkycyclopentanes, alkycyclohexanes, and alkybenzenes) based on molecular weight using Riazi and Sahhaf equations. Supports carbon ranges C5-C42 depending on hydrocarbon type with typical accuracy of 1-1.5%.

Comprehensive physical data table for various classes of hydrocarbons including molecular weight, melting point, boiling point, density, flash point, and autoignition temperature. Includes n-alkanes, methylalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Vapor pressure vs. temperature for propane, n-butane, n-heptane and n-pentane hydrocarbons.

Calculator tool for boiling points of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Select the compound type and carbon number to determine the boiling point in both Celsius and Fahrenheit.

The table shows how the liquid density at 20°C (68°F) changes with increasing carbon number for different hydrocarbons, alcohols, and acids. Densities are provided for various classes including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, and carboxylic acids.

Calculate and visualize the density and specific weight of gaseous hydrogen at given temperature and atmospheric pressure. Includes conversion formulas and tabulated values for SI and Imperial units.

Specific heat (C) is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a mass unit of a substance by one degree. This tool provides isobaric specific heat (Cp) values for hydrogen gas (H2) at temperatures ranging from 175 to 6000 K. Isobaric specific heat is used for substances in constant pressure systems.

Thermophysical properties of Hydrogen (H2) at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure. Includes molecular weight, density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, boiling point, freezing point, critical properties, and heat of combustion.

Comprehensive thermophysical properties of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a colorless, toxic, flammable gas with applications in chemical manufacturing and metallurgy. Properties include critical parameters, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and phase behavior at standard conditions (25°C, 1 bara) and various temperatures.

Calculate the thrust force acting on a surface submerged in a liquid using hydrostatic pressure formulas. Supports calculations for vertical surfaces, bottom surfaces, and other submerged configurations.

Calculate hydrostatic pressure in a liquid based on depth using the formula p = ρ g h, where ρ is density, g is acceleration of gravity, and h is the height of fluid column or depth.

Exponential functions related to the hyperbola. Calculate hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic function values.

Properties like Youngs modulus, tensile strength, compressive strength and fracture of toughness for ice.

Safe loads vs. thickness for clear and solid ice. This calculator helps determine the safe load capacity based on ice thickness, considering factors like ice age, distance to shore, and water conditions.

Thermal and thermodynamic properties of ice like density, thermal conductivity and specific heat at temperatures from 0 to -100 °C

Online calculator and reference table for melting points of ice to water at pressures ranging from 0 to 2000 bara. Shows the relationship between pressure and melting point temperature, with results in °C, °F, K and °R.

Ice coat weight on horizontal pipe lines. Calculate weight load on ice coated horizontal pipe lines with conversion between imperial and metric units.

The eight S1-S8 IEC duty cycles of operating electrical motors. IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) uses eight duty cycle designations to describe electrical motor operating conditions and thermal characteristics.

Light Level or Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area. This tool provides recommended light levels for various indoor work spaces and outdoor conditions, along with calculation capabilities.

Calculate the impact force from moving objects, falling objects, or crashes. Determines the average impact force based on mass, velocity, and deformation distance.

Calculate torque/moment using an improvised setup with a standard wrench and a scale. Supports both SI units (kg, meters) and Imperial units (lbf, inches/feet).

Calculate impulse, force, momentum change, and resulting velocity based on Newton's Second Law of Motion. Impulse forces act for a very short time and the impulse equals the change of momentum.

Convert fractional and/or decimal inches to metric mm - and vice versa. 1 inch (in) = 25.4 millimeter (mm)

Convert between inches, feet, yards and meters with this comprehensive conversion chart and calculator.

The decimal equivalents of eights, sixteenths, thirty-seconds and sixty-fourths of an inch. Convert from fractional inches to equivalent decimal inches.

Income tax vs. taxable income. Calculate taxable income and income taxes based on revenues, costs, depreciation, and operating expenses.

Pipe rating for single phase incompressible flow. Calculate single phase pressure drop in steel pipes.

Calculator and reference tool for individual and universal gas constants. Calculate individual gas constant from universal constant and molecular weight, or look up values for common gases in multiple unit systems.

Recommended indoor relative humidity vs. outdoor relative humidity and temperature. When cold humid outdoor air is supplied and heated in a building, the relative humidity of the air is decreased.

Calculate inductance of an air-filled cylindrical wire coil. Inductance is a property of an electrical conductor by which a change in current induces an electromagnetic field (EMF). This tool uses the empirical formula for air-core cylindrical coils.

Energy stored in a magnetic field of an inductor

ISO-VG viscosity grades for industrial lubricants. Convert between ISO-VG grades and equivalent SAE crankcase oil, aircraft oil, gear lube, and AGMA grades. Calculate absolute viscosity conversions between temperature scales and viscosity units.

Calculate the future value of money after periods with uniform or variable inflation rates. Understand how inflation erodes purchasing power over time.

A comprehensive reference table of pKa values for inorganic acids and bases measured at 25°C. Includes definitions of acid dissociation constants and pKa values. The table covers monoprotic acids, diprotic acids, triprotic acids, tetraprotic acids, and hydrated metal ions. For bases, pKa values are given for their conjugate acids and are marked with an asterisk (*).

Physical constants for more than 280 common inorganic compounds. Density is given for the actual state at 25°C and for liquid phase at melting point temperature.

Heat loss to surrounding air from insulated copper tubes. The heat loss is based on temperature difference 55°C (99°F) with insulation thickness 25 mm (1 inch) and conductivity coefficient k = 0.043 W/m°C (0.3 Btu in/ft²hr°F).

Calculator for determining condensate generation in insulated steam pipes based on various parameters such as pipe diameter, steam pressure, insulation thickness, ambient temperature, and pipe length.

Calculate condensate generated due to heat loss in insulated steam pipes. Heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system. This tool uses a lookup table based on steam pressure and pipe size, with surrounding temperature of 20°C and 80% insulation efficiency.

Heat loss from uninsulated and insulated steam and condensate pipes and tanks. Calculate insulation thicknesses.

Temperature limits for commonly used insulation materials. Select a material to view its minimum and maximum operating temperature ranges in both Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Cooling systems and insulation thickness. Determines the required insulation thickness for chilled water, refrigerant, and brine systems based on system type, operation temperature, and pipe size.

Calculate Future Value and Present Value using single cash accumulation formulas with compound interest and discounting processes.

Lighter and lower cost metal conduits. Calculator for Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) properties and specifications covered by NEC Article 342.

Efficiency reduction due to intermittent boiler operation

A primary measure of an investment's worth based on yield. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the break-even interest rate which equals the Net Present Worth (NPW) of a project's cash flows. IRR is calculated by finding the discount rate that makes the present value of all cash flows equal to zero.

International standard atmosphere in elevation -2000 to 30000 metre - pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and velocity of sound.

Some international standard organizations

International valve standards for piping systems.

Calculate the economics of renewable energy projects using three methods: payback time, simple annual method, and discounted cash flow analysis.

Guidelines for predicting whether ionic compounds are soluble in water at room temperature. Provides solubility rules for common ions and compounds.

Ingress Protection (IP) ratings specify the environmental protection an enclosure provides. Ratings consist of up to three numbers indicating protection against solid objects, liquids, and mechanical impacts.

Specific heat, density and thermal conductivity of iron related to temperature.

Fe - Iron - binary eutectic alloys and melting points. An eutectic mixture is the mixture where the melting point is as low as possible. This tool provides composition and melting points for binary iron alloys.

A calculator tool for determining ISA instrumentation codes based on process variable and instrument type. Select a process variable and instrument type to generate the corresponding ISA code used in P&ID diagrams.

Calculate relationships between temperature, density, and pressure for isentropic (adiabatic and frictionless) flow of an ideal gas using the fundamental equations of isentropic flow thermodynamics.

ISO Standards Calculator - An international standard setting body that standardizes technical rules worldwide. This tool helps understand and work with ISO standard numbering formats and versions including International, European (EN), and British (BS) standards.

Reference table for metric thread dimensions for spark plugs according to ISO 28741 standard specifications.

Dimensions of metric threads according to ISO 724. Calculate metric thread dimensions including pitch, clearance drill, tap drill, and tensile stress area for coarse and fine threads up to M 300.

Viscosities and densities of ISO and equivalent SAE grade oils.

An overview of ISO - International Organization for Standardization - valve standards. This tool provides a comprehensive reference for valve-related ISO standards covering various applications including safety valves, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, fire protection, steam traps, and industrial valves.

Correlations for jet fuel density and temperature based on ASTM D 1250-04 and IP 200/04 standards. Calculate volume correction factors and density changes across different temperatures using established petroleum measurement standards.

Calculate jet propulsion velocity, flow volume, and thrust force using fluid dynamics equations. Applicable to incompressible flows such as liquids (water) but not gases (air).

JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) specifies the standards used for industrial activities in Japan. The standardization process is coordinated by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and published through the Japanese Standards Association (JSA). This tool provides a comprehensive reference to the various JIS divisions and categories covering civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, automotive, railway, shipbuilding, materials, chemicals, textiles, and many other industrial sectors.

Japanese industrial valve standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association. Browse comprehensive JIS standards for mechanical engineering, railway, shipbuilding, materials, and domestic wares valve applications.

Convert between kinematic viscosity units like centistokes, poise, lentor and more.

Convert between Centistokes, Saybolt, Redwood seconds, and Engler units. Values valid for temperature 50°C (122°F) - can be used for approximate calculations between 20°C (68°F) and 100°C (212°F).

Calculate translational and rotational kinetic energy. Translational kinetic energy is the energy of motion from one location to another, calculated as Et = 1/2 m v². Rotational kinetic energy is the energy due to rotational motion, calculated as Er = 1/2 I ω².

A tool for analyzing electric circuits using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). Calculate unknown currents and voltages in circuit junctions and loops.

Calculate friction coefficients for laminar fluid flow using the formula λ = 64 / Re. Valid for Reynolds Number less than 2300.

Calculate Reynolds Number to determine if flow is laminar, transient, or turbulent. The Reynolds Number is a dimensionless quantity that represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

Analyze fluid flow type based on Reynolds Number. Determine whether flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent in pipes based on Reynolds Number calculations.

Important in fluid dynamics describing the behavior of gravitational and fluid potentials. The Laplace equation is fundamental in electromagnetism, astronomy, and fluid dynamics for describing electric, gravitational, and fluid potentials.

Calculate latent heat flow due to moisture in air using English (Imperial) or SI (metric) units. The latent heat flow depends on the latent heat of vaporization, air density, air flow rate, and the difference in humidity ratio between two states.

Convert between Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS) and Decimal Degrees formats for geographic coordinates. Simplify GPS data, mapping tools, and scientific research coordinate translations.

One side of a triangle when the opposite angle and two sides are known. The "Law of Cosines" can be used to calculate one side of a triangle when the angle opposite and the other two sides are known.

Calculate the angles in a generic triangle using the Law of Sines

Triangles and law of tangents. Calculate the angles or sides of a triangle using the Law of Tangents, Pythagorean theorem, Law of sines, and related formulas.

Simplifying calculations by involving indices.

Pb - Lead (Plumbum) - binary eutectic alloys and melting points. An eutectic mixture is the mixture where the melting point is as low as possible. This tool provides composition and melting points for Lead binary eutectic alloys.

Specific gravity and charge of lead acid batteries - temperature and efficiency.

Legionella Pneumophila bacterium monitoring and risk assessment tool. Assess water system temperatures and determine the risk of Legionella development.

Convert between common length units including metres, feet, inches, kilometers, miles, nautical miles, and more. Interactive calculator with comprehensive conversion table.

Convert between units like metre, feet, inches, yards, kilometers and miles

Energy consumption of lighting systems calculated according to EN 15193. The LENI (Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator) represents the actual energy consumption of a lighting system in kWh per square metre and year.

A lever is a mechanism that can be used to exert a large force over a small distance at one end of the lever by exerting a small force over a greater distance at the other end. This calculator computes lever effort force and related parameters.

Lift and drag forces acting on a body like an air foil in a fluid flow.

The light beam dispersion rainbow color effect of a prism. When white light shines on a prism surface it is broken down to different color components based on wavelength and refractive index variations.

Recommended max. flow velocities on the delivery side when pumping light oils. Reference table for piping and pumping system design.

Recommended max. suction flow velocities when pumping light oils. Calculate flow velocity based on pipe bore and volume flow rate to ensure optimal suction conditions and avoid cavitation issues.

Lights vs. power installations in common types of buildings and rooms. The table below can be used as a guide to installed light power in some common types of buildings and rooms.

Light sources and their color irradiation in degrees Kelvin. The Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) is the absolute temperature of a black radiating reference light source which emits the same color irradiation as a given light source measured in degrees Kelvin (K).

A comprehensive reference tool for linear thermal expansion coefficients of various materials. This calculator helps you find the thermal expansion coefficient for a specific material, which is essential for designing and analyzing systems that experience temperature changes.

Noise attenuation in rectangular straight, lined, sheet metal ducts. Calculate total sound attenuation based on duct dimensions, lining thickness, frequency, and duct length.

Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity and Prandtl's number of liquid ammonia at saturation pressure. Provides thermal properties in both SI and Imperial units.

Densities of common liquids like acetone, beer, oil, water and more. Look up density values for various liquids at specific temperatures.

Calculator for estimating volume flow and time required to drain a container or tank through an aperture. Based on discharge equation V = Cd A (2 g H)^0.5. The calculator divides the container into slices and makes iterative calculations for improved accuracy.

Calculate the density of liquid-liquid solutions using the shrinkage estimation formula. This tool helps estimate the density of solutions where both solvent and solute are liquids, accounting for potential shrinkage effects due to molecular size differences.

Calculate flow coefficients (Cv) for liquids, saturated steam, superheated steam, wet steam, and gases. The flow coefficient expresses the flow capacity in GPM that a valve will pass for a pressure drop of 1 psi.

Calculate the density of a liquid when changing both temperature and pressure. This tool uses the combined effects of thermal expansion and pressure compression on liquid density.

Dielectric constants or permittivities of common fluids and liquids. The Dielectric Constant (permittivity - ε) is a dimensionless constant that indicates how easy a material can be polarized by imposition of an electric field on an insulating material. This reference provides dielectric constant values for various liquids at different temperatures, as well as typical values for common plastic materials.

Calculate and reference dynamic viscosities of various liquids. Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear stress.

Common fluids and their freezing and melting points at 1 atm. Includes data for pure compounds, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and other common liquids.

Kinematic viscosities of common liquids like motor oil, diesel fuel, peanut oil and many more. Viscosity is resistance to shear or flow in a fluid. This tool provides reference data for kinematic viscosity in centiStokes (cSt) at various temperatures for different liquid types.

Latent heat of vaporization for fluids like alcohol, ether, nitrogen, water and more. Calculate the heat required to convert a unit mass of liquid into vapor without a change in temperature.

Specific gravities for common fluids like acetone, alcohol, turpentine, oil and more. Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at a specified temperature (based on water at 60°F with SG = 1).

Speed of sound in common fluids like water, glycerol, kerosene and more.

Some fluids and their thermal conductivities at temperature 300 K (26.8 °C, 80.3 °F)

Vapor and saturation pressure for some common liquids. The vapor pressure of a liquid is defined as the pressure exerted by the molecules that escape from the liquid to form a separate vapor phase above the liquid surface.

Calculator for volumetric expansion coefficients of liquids. Calculate volume changes in liquids due to temperature variations using expansion coefficient formulas.

LNG or Liquefied Natural Gas. Natural Gas cooled down to condensate at -161°C (-258°F). Calculate conversions and properties of liquefied natural gas including volume and density relationships.

The rules of logarithms - log10 and loge for numbers ranging 1 to 1000. Calculate logarithms to different bases (base 10, base e, base 2) and explore logarithmic conversions.

Typical pressure drop in low pressure steam lines. This tool provides pressure drop values for low pressure steam pipes based on initial steam pressure.

Sizing safety valves after boiler output power in low pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr). Determines the appropriate pipe size and safety valve capacity based on maximum boiler output.

Effects of low-frequency vibrations on building constructions.

Liquefied Petroleum - LP - gas properties. LPG, GPL, LP or autogas is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases.

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is a hydrocarbon mixture consisting of propane, propylene, isobutane, n-butane, and butylene. It is gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions but liquefied by cooling and/or compression. Commonly used as an industrial fuel for domestic, commercial, and chemical applications.

Required capacities of relief valves on LPG vaporizers and tanks.

Lubrication effect on bolt tension and torque. Calculate the reduced torque required for lubricated bolts compared to dry bolts.

Correlations for lubricating oil density and temperature based on ASTM D 1250-04 and IP 200/04 standards. Calculate density changes across temperature ranges and volume correction factors for lubricating oils.

Lumber and surface finishing abbreviations reference guide

Weights of green, kiln dried and pressure treated lumber boards. The density and weight of lumber varies with the water or moisture content in the wood.

Calculate luminous efficacy and power requirements for various light sources. Luminous efficacy is the ratio of luminous flux (lumens) to power (watts), determining how efficiently a light source produces visible light.

Calculate the Mach Number, a dimensionless value useful for analyzing fluid flow dynamics problems where compressibility is significant. Determine if flow is subsonic, transonic, supersonic, or hypersonic.

Machine processing and tolerance grades. A tolerance is the total permissible variation of size, where the tolerance is the difference between the limits of size. This tool shows the range of tolerance grades that various machine processes may produce under normal conditions according to ANSI B4.1 Standard.

Mg - Magnesium - binary eutectic alloys and melting points. The melting point of an alloy of two or more metals depends on the relative proportions of the ingredients. An eutectic mixture is the mixture where the melting point is as low as possible.

Calculate major friction losses in pipes using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. This calculator determines pressure drop due to friction in fluid flow through pipes based on friction factor, pipe length, diameter, and fluid velocity.

Educational tool comparing three material properties: malleability (plastic deformation when cold), brittleness (fracture without plastic deformation), and ductility (plastic elongation without fracture). Includes calculators for percent elongation and percent reduction of area.

Minimum breaking strength and safe load of manila 3-strand rope. Manila rope is made from the fibers of the abaca plant - "musa testilus" - Manila hemp.

Calculate cross-sectional average velocity flow in open channels using Manning's equation. This tool implements Manning's formula for gravity flow in circular pipes: v = (kn / n) * Rh^(2/3) * S^(1/2), where v is velocity, kn is the unit conversion factor, n is Manning's roughness coefficient, Rh is hydraulic radius, and S is the pipe slope.

Manning's roughness coefficients for common materials used in open channel flow calculations. This data table provides coefficient values (n) for various surface materials including concrete, metals, natural streams, and other channels.

Concrete Masonry Unit Blocks (CMU) - dimensions and specifications for standard and half blocks.

Calculate the Moment of Inertia for various geometric shapes and mass distributions. Moment of Inertia measures an object's resistance to change in rotation direction.

Calculate the relationship between mass and weight using Newton's Second Law. Convert between SI units (kg, N), British Gravitational units (slugs, lbf), and English Engineering units (lbm, lbf).

A comprehensive reference tool for light reflecting factors (albedo) of various materials. Use this to look up the reflection factor percentage for different materials ranging from black bodies (0%) to highly reflective surfaces (100%).

Calculate the maximum number of smaller rectangles or squares that can fit into a larger rectangle or square. Useful for estimating bricks in a wall or rectangular cuts from plates.

Maximum recommended sound pressure levels in rooms like kindergartens, auditoriums, libraries, cinemas and more. Sound pressure level is the pressure of sound related to a fixed reference of 2×10⁻⁵ Pa (0 dB on the decibel scale).

Measure electric power with an ammeter and a voltmeter. Calculate power using P = U × I or P = R × I²

Absolute and relative measurements to characterize and compare data sets. Calculate absolute frequencies, relative frequencies, and analyze measurement data.

Measurement and instrumentation strategies.

Analyze and compare the Mechanical Energy Equation and Bernoulli Equation for pump/fan and turbine systems, including energy calculations in various forms (per unit mass, volume, and weight).

Piping systems for medical gases including compressed air, oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and vacuum systems.

Melting and boiling point temperatures, latent heat of evaporation, and melting heat of common substances like copper, gold, lead and more - SI units.

Melting and freezing points of elements and chemical species at varying conditions.

Comprehensive data on melting points of various organic compounds including hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids with increasing carbon numbers (C1-C16). Shows melting point trends for different compound classes such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and alcohols in both Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Properties of saturated liquid Mercury - Hg - density, specific heat capacity, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number at various temperatures.

Strainers and filters - mesh size vs. particle diameter opening size. This tool helps identify the relationship between mesh sizes and particle diameters for both strainers and filters.

The metabolic rate, or human body heat or power production, is often measured in the unit "Met". This tool provides a comprehensive table of typical metabolic rates for common activities, measured in W/m², W (Watts), Btu/hr, and Met units. The metabolic rate of a relaxed seated person is one (1) Met, with a mean human body surface area of approximately 1.8 m² (19.4 ft²).

Human metabolic heat gain in air conditioned rooms. The table indicates sensible and latent (vapor) heat from persons that must be handled by air conditioning systems, based on degree of activity and room dry bulb temperature.

Alloys and their melting points. An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. This tool provides melting point information for various metal alloy combinations including Lead, Aluminum, Copper, and Antimony mixtures with other metals.

Content of metals in minerals

Boiling points and specific heat of liquid metals. This tool allows you to look up and calculate thermal properties of various metals including boiling points and specific heat capacities.

Metals and their boiling temperatures in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.

Common metals and their corrosion resistance to aggressive fluids like acids, bases and more. Comprehensive reference table showing compatibility ratings (1=Good, 2=Be Careful, 3=Not Usable, na=data not available) for various metals with different chemical fluids.

Metals and their latent heat of fusion. The Latent Heat of Fusion is the heat supplied to a solid body at the melting point when it changes state from solid to liquid.

The machinability of some common metals. Machinability can be expressed as a percentage or normalized value relative to AISI No. 1112 carbon steel (100% reference).

Specific heat of commonly used metals like aluminum, iron, mercury and many more - imperial and SI units.

A comprehensive reference table of linear thermal expansion coefficients for various metals and metal alloys across different temperature ranges.

The Bulk Modulus - resistance to uniform compression - for common metals and alloys. This tool provides reference values and allows calculation of bulk modulus using the relationship with modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio.

Densities of common metals, metallic elements and alloys - aluminum, bronze, copper, iron and more. Look up density values and convert between different density units.

A calculator tool for determining melting temperatures of various metals and alloys. This tool helps engineers and students quickly reference and calculate melting points of common industrial materials.

Elastic properties and Young's modulus for metals and alloys like cast iron, carbon steel and more. Calculate Young's modulus of elasticity (E) for various metals and alloys at different temperatures.

Galvanic series of metals in seawater at 25°C (77°F). The list is ordered from most noble (top) to most active (bottom), helping predict galvanic corrosion behavior when different metals are in contact in seawater.

The influence of temperature on the strength of metals including bronze, copper, structural steel, casting steel, cast iron, wrought iron, and stainless steel (304N)

Calculator to estimate the density and specific weight of gaseous methane at given temperature and pressure. Outputs include density in multiple units (kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), sl/ft³) and specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculate and display dynamic and kinematic viscosity of methane at varying temperatures and pressures. This tool provides viscosity data in multiple units including Pa·s, cP, cSt, m²/s, and imperial units.

Convert between liquid and gaseous LNG and Methane units. Commonly used units to measure Natural Gas or Methane - LNG - volume and weight.

Calculate and display the Prandtl number for methane at varying temperatures and pressures. The Prandtl Number (Pr) is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity, used in heat transfer and convection calculations. Formula: Pr = μ Cp / k, where μ is absolute viscosity, Cp is specific heat, and k is thermal conductivity.

Calculator for estimating the thermal conductivity of gaseous methane at given temperatures and pressures. Thermal conductivity is a material property describing the ability to conduct heat. This tool provides output in multiple units: mW/(m K), Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), (Btu(IT) in)/(h ft² °F) and kcal(IT)/(h m K).

Comprehensive thermophysical properties calculator for methane (CH₄), including critical point parameters, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and phase diagram information. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas used as feedstock for chemical industry and as the main constituent of natural gas.

Calculate the specific heat (Cp) of Methane Gas (CH4) at temperatures ranging from 200 to 1100 K. Isobaric specific heat (Cp) is used for substances in constant pressure systems. The specific heat varies with temperature and should be corrected for accurate calculations in heated or cooled systems.

Calculator for methanol density and specific weight at varying temperature and atmospheric pressure. Calculates density in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), and sl/ft³, as well as specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculator and reference table for dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid methanol at varying temperatures and pressures. Dynamic viscosity is given in Pa·s, cP, and lbf·s/ft², while kinematic viscosity is given in cSt, m²/s, and ft²/s.

Calculator for estimating the isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of liquid methanol at constant volume or constant pressure and at given temperature. The output heat capacity is provided in multiple units: kJ/(mol·K), kJ/(kg·K), kWh/(kg·K), kcal/(kg·K), Btu(IT)/(mol·°R) and Btu(IT)/(lbm·°R).

Comprehensive thermophysical properties calculator for Methanol (CH3OH). Calculate density, heat capacity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and other critical thermodynamic properties at standard conditions (25°C, 1 bar) or custom temperature/pressure values.

Thermophysical properties of methanol (CH3OH) for temperatures ranging from -50°C to 150°C, including latent heat, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, vapor pressure, specific heat, and surface tension.

Freezing and flash points for methanol or methyl based heat-transfer fluids or brines. Determine freezing and flash points based on methanol concentration.

ANSI/ISO, DIN and JIS metric bolt head and wrench sizes reference table. Includes spanner/wrench sizes and Allen key dimensions for metric bolts.

Proof loads of metric nuts - coarse and fine threads according to ISO 898-1. Calculate and lookup proof loads for various thread sizes and property classes.

Calculator for metric steel bolts grades and property classes. A tool to help engineers and technicians understand and work with metric steel bolt specifications and their corresponding property classes.

Heating with microwaves. Calculate wavelengths based on electromagnetic wave properties using the relationship λ = c / f

Weight of round bars. Calculate the weight of mild steel round bars using the formula W = 0.0062 d²

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals or materials through the ability of a harder material to scratch softer materials. This tool provides reference data for typical materials and comprehensive mineral hardness values on the Mohs scale.

Thermal conductivity - k-values - vs. temperature for mineral wool insulation made from molten glass, stone or slag.

Densities of minerals in g/cm³, kg/m³, and lb/ft³ formats

Specific gravities for minerals and other materials. This tool provides a reference table of specific gravity values for various minerals and materials commonly used in industrial and geological applications.

Convert minutes to decimal hours using the formula d = m / 60

Convert from minutes to degrees. There are 60 minutes in one degree, and this calculator helps you convert minutes to their degree equivalent.

Use a miter saw angle protractor for precise angle calculations in woodworking and construction. Measure and cut perfect angles effortlessly by inputting three measured lengths (a, b, c) to calculate miter saw angles and skirting saw angles.

Calculate the final mass and temperature when mixing fluids. Supports mixing two or more fluids with different temperatures and specific heat capacities.

Calculate the final temperature when liquids and/or solids with different temperatures are mixed together using the heat balance equation.

Understand the differences between mixtures, solutions, and suspensions with definitions, properties, and real-world examples.

Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity) is the elasticity coefficient for shearing or torsion force. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain).

Calculate cooling and dehumidifying processes for moist air, including contact factor, bypass factor, and heat flow rates (sensible and latent)

Humidity ratio of moist air to humidity ratio of saturated moist air. The Degree of Saturation is the ratio of the humidity ratio of moist air to the humidity ratio of saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure.

Calculate the density of moist air based on water content (humidity ratio) and temperature. This tool uses the ideal gas law to determine how water vapor content and temperature affect air density. Higher moisture content and temperature both reduce air density.

Calculate the total pressure of moist air using Daltons Law of partial pressures. The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of dry air and water vapor.

Psychrometric table with humid air properties like saturation pressure, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy.

Psychrometric chart calculator for analyzing moist air properties at high temperatures at sea level. Provides detailed technical data for HVAC systems and air properties calculations.

Psychrometric chart in I-P Units at 7500 feet and barometric pressure 22.653 inHG. Enthalpy in btu/lb dry air.

Dry and wet bulb temperatures, saturation pressure, water vapor weight, specific volume, heat and more for moist air at standard pressure of 29.92 inHg.

Psychrometry is the science of studying thermodynamic properties of moist air and the use of these to analyze humid air conditions and processes. This tool helps you understand and visualize the key psychrometric properties including dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific volume, dew point temperature, and enthalpy.

Specific humidity of moist air vs. relative humidity, water vapor and air density. Calculate specific humidity (humidity ratio) using relative humidity, water vapor density, and air density.

Vapor pressures vs. dry and wet bulb temperatures in moist air.

Weight of water vapor in air. Grains of moisture per pound of dry air at standard atmospheric pressure at relative humidity ranging 10-90%.

Calculate the number of molecules or moles using Avogadro's number. The mole is the SI base unit for amount of substance, with Avogadro's constant (NA) = 6.022141×10^23 molecules/mol.

Definition and molecular weight (molar mass) of common substances. The molecular weight, also called molar mass (M), is the mass of 1 mole of a substance, given in grams. In the SI system the unit is kg/kmol, in the English system it is lb/lbmol, and in the cgs system it is g/mol. The molecular weight is represented by the same number in all unit systems.

Interactive Mollier chart for water using imperial units. This tool provides thermodynamic properties and state data for water in imperial measurement units (BTU, °F, psia, etc.). Useful for HVAC systems, steam calculations, and thermodynamic analysis.

A comprehensive tool for analyzing thermodynamic properties of water using the Mollier chart with metric units. This tool helps engineers and designers determine entropy, enthalpy, temperature, and pressure relationships for water in various states (liquid, vapor, and two-phase regions).

Reference data for melting points of molybdenum binary eutectic alloys used in materials science and metallurgical engineering.

Calculate fluid flow friction coefficients from a Moody diagram. Determines the SI-based Moody friction factor (λ) used in the Darcy-Weisbach major loss equation based on Reynolds number and relative roughness.

The morse code alphabet - a reference table for morse code characters

ASTM mortar types with minimum required compressive strength and material quantities according to ASTM C 270

Calculate and analyze the relationship between motor speed and pulley diameter for belt-driven systems

Calculate the movement ratio (velocity ratio) of machines and machine efficiency. The movement ratio is defined as the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load. Machine efficiency is the ratio of the force ratio to the movement ratio.

Calculate the allowable withdrawal load or force for a nail or spike driven into wood using the formula F = 1380 × SG^(5/2) × D. Includes both imperial and metric calculators with reference data tables for common US and metric wire nails.

A comprehensive guide to naming inorganic binary compounds including ionic compounds (Type I and II), polyatomic ions, and covalent compounds with reference tables and naming rules.

A comprehensive guide to the systematic nomenclature of organic compounds following IUPAC rules. This tool helps identify compound classes, apply naming rules, and understand the priority of functional groups in organic chemistry.

Comprehensive resource for information about national standards organizations and engineering standards. The Engineering ToolBox provides technical data, calculations, and information resources for engineers and designers across various disciplines.

Natural gas consumption for equipment like boiling pans, ovens, cookers, kettles and more. Provides consumption rates and heat dissipation data across various commercial and domestic appliances.

Calculator for determining natural gas meter capacities. This tool helps in calculating and understanding the capacity requirements for natural gas meters based on various input parameters.

Calculate the capacity of low pressure natural gas pipelines using the Spitzglass formula. Determine flow rates based on pipe diameter, pressure drop, length, and gas specific gravity.

Multiple apartments and natural gas demand. Analyze natural gas demand for multiple apartments in both CFH and m3/h units.

Natural gas is used extensively in residential, commercial and industrial applications. A natural gas glossary with search terms from the American Gas Association.

Calculate and analyze natural gas laboratory consumption in relation to the number of outlets. This tool helps engineers and facility managers understand gas consumption patterns and optimize outlet configurations.

Sizing low pressure natural gas pipe lines - Imperial units. This tool provides capacity tables for steel pipes (Schedule 40) and copper tubing (type K and type L) at various pipe lengths.

Determine the minimum cover depth requirements for natural gas pipes based on installation location and conditions.

Sizing natural gas pipes with pressures above 5 psi (35 kPa). Calculate pipe capacity based on pressure, pipe diameter, and pipe length using Steel Pipe Schedule 40.

The Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental partial differentials equations used to describe incompressible fluid flows. These equations describe incompressible fluid flow and are essential in computational fluid dynamics.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) uses test methods to examine an object, material or system without impairing its future usefulness. This tool provides information on commonly used NDT techniques including AET, ART, ET, IRT, LT, MT, PT, RT, UT, and VT.

The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70 sets the foundation for electrical safety in residential, commercial, and industrial occupancies in the United States. It is part of the National Fire Codes series published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a private trade association.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association. NEMA is the leading trade association in the U.S. representing the interests of electroindustry manufacturers of products used in the generation, transmission and distribution, control, and end-use of electricity.

A comprehensive tool for selecting and comparing NEMA electrical induction motor designs (A, B, C, and D) based on their performance characteristics including slip, starting current, locked rotor torque, and breakdown torque for different applications.

Comprehensive reference tool for NEMA and IEC enclosure classifications, including environmental protection ratings, ingress protection (IP) ratings, and application guidelines for indoor and outdoor environments.

A comprehensive reference guide for NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) enclosure standards for electric motors, including specifications for different enclosure types and explosion-proof motor classifications.

Electrical insulation systems rated by standard NEMA classifications to maximize allowable operating temperatures.

NEMA sized contactors or starters - Select motor horsepower based on NEMA size and voltage. NEMA electrical motor starters are rated by size: 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Operating profit after tax. Net income (or net profit) is calculated as the sum of project revenues minus the sum of project expenses.

Calculate the present value of a stream of payments using a discounting rate. Net Present Worth (NPW) or Net Present Value (NPV) determines the profitability of an investment by discounting future cash flows to their present value.

Compare the total cost of owning a new car versus an old car, including purchase price, maintenance, fuel efficiency, insurance, and depreciation. Use our detailed breakdown to make an informed financial decision before buying the next vehicle.

The U.S. authority on fire, electrical and building safety. NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates more than 300 consensus codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks.

Ni - Nickel - binary eutectic alloys and melting points. The melting point of an alloy of two or more metals depends on the relative proportions of the ingredients. An eutectic mixture is the mixture where the melting point is as low as possible.

Electric resistance vs. temperature rise for Nickel-Chromium electrical heater wire. Provides SWG gauge sizes with corresponding diameter, resistance, and current ratings for different temperature rises (500°C and 1000°C).

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency in the Technology Administration of the United States Department of Commerce that aims to promote economic growth by developing and applying technology, measurements and standards.

Calculate nitrogen dynamic and kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The output dynamic viscosity is provided in Pa·s, cP, and other units, while kinematic viscosity is given in cSt, m²/s, and ft²/s.

Calculate enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy properties of nitrogen as a function of temperature.

Calculate the Prandtl number of nitrogen at varying temperatures and pressures. The Prandtl number (Pr) is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity, commonly used in heat transfer and convection calculations. Pr = μ cp / k, where μ is dynamic viscosity, cp is specific heat, and k is thermal conductivity.

Calculate and view the thermal conductivity of nitrogen at various temperatures and pressures. Thermal conductivity describes the ability to conduct heat and is given in multiple units: mW/(m K), Btu(IT)/(h ft °F), (Btu(IT) in)/(h ft² °F), and kcal(IT)/(h m K).

Calculate thermal diffusivity of nitrogen based on thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat capacity. Thermal diffusivity (α) is the rate of heat transfer through a material, measured in m²/s. Use the formula: α = k / (ρ × Cp), where k is thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)), ρ is density (kg/m³), and Cp is specific heat capacity (J/(kg·K)).

Thermophysical properties of Nitrogen (N2) at standard conditions (25°C, 77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure. Includes molecular weight, density, viscosity, thermal properties, critical points, and phase behavior information.

Calculate the density and specific weight of gaseous nitrogen at given temperature and pressure. This tool provides density in multiple units (kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), sl/ft³) and specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Specific heat of Nitrogen Gas (N2) at temperatures ranging 175 - 6000 K. This tool allows you to look up the isobaric specific heat (Cp) of nitrogen gas at various temperatures. Specific heat is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a mass unit of a substance by one degree.

Emission of Nitrogen Oxides - NOx - with combustion of fuels like oil, coal, propane and more. NOx emissions contribute to eutrophication, acidification and the formation of ground-level ozone.

Acceptable noise - dBA - level at typical common locations. The A weighted noise or sound measurement adapts to how the human ear responds to sound and allows measurement with low-cost instruments.

The noise level should not exceed certain values to protect public health and welfare according to EPA guidelines for Ldn (Day-Night Sound Levels) and Leq (Equivalent Sound Level).

Calculate daily noise exposure dose and convert to 8-hr Time-Weighted Average (TWA). When exposed to different noise levels throughout the day, this tool computes the cumulative daily dose as a percentage and the corresponding TWA in dB(A). According to NIOSH guidelines, the daily dose should not exceed 100%.

The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for occupational noise exposure. The standard 8-hour Time-Weighted Average (TWA) is 85 dBA, with a peak exposure limit of 140 dBA. Exposures at and above 85 dBA are considered hazardous.

Noise is usually defined as unwanted sound - noise, noise generation, silencers and attenuation in HVAC systems.

Calculate Noise Criterion (NC) from octave band pressure levels.

NC Noise Criterion rating system for indoor noise from air-conditioning and similar equipment. Displays octave band sound pressure level criteria from 63 to 8000 Hz, and recommended NC levels for various room types and spaces.

Comparing Noise Criterion (NC, NCB, RNC) to Noise Rating (NR) and dB(A). Determines appropriate noise criteria for different room types and occupancy levels.

Calculate the maximum time of exposure to noise levels according to NIOSH standards. Exposure to noise should be controlled so that it is less than a maximum combination of exposure level and duration, using the formula: t = 480 / 2^((L - 85)/3)

Barriers and enclosures to reduce noise sound pressure levels from machines.

Calculate the Blade Pass Frequency (BPF) noise generated by a fan based on rotation velocity and number of blades. The BPF varies with the number of blades and rotation speed of the wheel.

Estimate noise level generated by traffic. This tool calculates hourly traffic noise levels based on vehicle count, speed, and percentage of heavy vehicles.

Calculate the sound power level generated by air flow in ducts based on air velocity and duct cross-sectional area using empirical equations.

Sound power noise generated by blade dampers in ventilation systems. The noise level depends on the volume flow through the damper and pressure drop across it.

An online Noise Rating (NR) calculator for evaluating noise levels in various environments.

The van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles. The van der Waals equation is: (P + a(n/V)²)(V/n - b) = RT

Properties of normal flange I profile steel beams according to DIN 1025. I-beams are structural steel shapes used as critical framework in bridges, warehouses, skyscrapers and other constructions.

Calculate critical pressure ratios and mass flow through sonic nozzles based on gas properties and inlet conditions.

Discharge capacities of water nozzles. Reference data for water temperature of 60°F (15.6°C).

A comprehensive guide to Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) and DN (Diameter Nominal) standards, showing the relationship between nominal sizes, outside diameters, and various international piping standards including ISO 6708, DIN EN 10220, DIN EN 10255, and ASME specifications.

Determine acceptable indoor environment noise levels for hearing preservation, speech communication and annoyance using Noise Rating curves. Compare measured sound pressure levels at different frequencies to find the appropriate NR rating.

Calculate squares, cubes, square roots and cube roots for numbers ranging from 1 to 100

Calculator and reference tool for converting between standard form, scientific notation, and engineering notation. Perform calculations and conversions including multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction of numbers in scientific and engineering notation.

Nylon 3-strand and 8-strand rope - minimum breaking strength and safe load. Provides specifications for nylon rope made from continuous filament polyamide (nylon 6 or nylon 6.6).

Calculate unknown lengths and angles in an oblique triangle. Enter three known values and the calculator will compute the remaining sides, angles, and area using trigonometric formulas.

Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and more. Thermal properties of Octane (C8H18) at various temperatures.

Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks. Calculate heat transfer rates and total heat loss using the formula Q = α A dt.

Viscosities of fuel oils vs. temperature. Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) - kinematic viscosity versus temperature for typical fuel oils.

Temperature limits for lubricating oils. This table provides typical temperature limits in both Fahrenheit and Celsius for various types of lubricating oils including mineral, petroleum, synthetic, and specialty oils.

Head or pressure loss due to friction in oil pipes - various viscosity and laminar flow. Calculates head loss in oil pipes with laminar flow based on viscosity, flow rate, and pipe diameter.

Heat loss in W/mK and Btu/hr ft degF from oil tubes ranging temperatures 10 - 38 degC (50 - 100 degF).

Oil pipes flow velocities should be kept within certain limits. The table below shows recommended flow velocities for different oil applications. Values depend on the viscosity of the oil - heavier oils with higher viscosities require lower velocities but can be compensated with heating and heat tracing.

Convert between commonly used oil viscosity units including Poise, centiPoise, Reyn, Stoke, and centiStoke. Specify your oil's specific gravity for accurate conversions.

Common oils from animals or plants and their melting points.

Calculate AWG, mil, mm, CM or square mm. This tool helps you convert between different wire gauge measurements and units.

Calculates operating profit and operating profit percentage. Profit is made when revenue exceeds costs. Operating Profit (OP) = Total Revenue - Total Cost. Operating Profit Percentage (OPP) = 100 × (Total Revenue - Total Cost) / Total Revenue.

Calculate illumination intensity based on luminous flux and distance from light source using the inverse square law. Also includes the cosine law of illumination for angled surfaces.

Reference table showing typical excess air percentages for various fuel types in combustion processes. Excess air is the amount of air supplied beyond the theoretical stoichiometric requirement needed to completely burn fuel. Power plant boilers typically run 10-20% excess air, while natural gas-fired boilers may run as low as 5% and gas turbines run very lean with up to 300% excess air.

Reference tool for boiling point, melting point, molecular weight, and density of organic nitrogen compounds including amines, diamines, pyrroles, pyridines, piperidines, and quinolines.

Tables and figures showing the liquid density at 20°C for different groups of organic sulfur compounds including thiols, dialkyl sulfides, methylalkyl sulfides, ethyl alkyl sulfides, isopropyl alkyl sulfides, diisoalkyl sulfides, dialkyl disulfides, and alkylthiophenes, compared to alkanes, alcohols, acids and amines as function of carbon number.

Physical data for organic sulfur compounds including thiols, sulfides, disulfides, and thiophenes. Contains boiling point, melting point, molecular weight, density, and elemental composition data.

Nozzles discharging air volume. Calculate air leakage or air volume passing through orifices ranging from 1/64 to 1/4 inches. For well rounded nozzles multiply the diagram values by 0.97. For sharp edged nozzles multiply the values by 0.65.

Flow meter calculations based on Bernoulli and Continuity equations for orifice plates, venturi meters, and nozzles. Includes discharge coefficients, mass flow calculations, and performance comparisons.

Calculator for determining natural gas capacity through orifices, used for calculating flow rates and sizing orifice plates for gas applications.

Converting ounces (ozs.) and pounds (lbs.) to grams (g). This tool provides a reference table for common conversions between Imperial units (weight) and SI units (mass).

Calculator for overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer through multi-layered walls, pipes, or heat exchangers with fluid flow on each side. Supports both metric and imperial units consistently.

Calculator and reference data for dynamic and kinematic viscosity of oxygen at various temperatures and pressures. Includes viscosity data in multiple unit systems and temperature scales.

Calculate thermodynamic properties of oxygen including enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy as functions of temperature.

Solubility of oxygen in equilibration with air in fresh water and seawater at pressures ranging 1 - 4 bar abs. Displays oxygen dissolution data across different temperatures, pressures, and salinities.

Thermophysical properties of Oxygen (O2) at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure, including molecular weight, density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and phase transition properties.

Specific heat of Oxygen Gas (O2) at temperatures ranging 175-6000 K. Calculate isobaric specific heat (Cp) at constant pressure conditions.

Schematic illustration of a functional relationship between piping, instrumentation and system components. A P&ID shows all piping including physical sequences of branches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks.

Draw P&ID diagrams online in the browser with Google Docs. A free online P&ID diagram drawing template enabled for Google Docs with full collaboration features.

ISO vs. U.S. and Canadian drawing sheets comparison. Compare ISO drawing sheets (based on ISO 216) with American drawing sheets (based on ANSI/ASME 14.1).

ISO 216 A, B and C drawing series - dimensions of regular, oversized and envelope sheets. Specifies international standard (ISO) paper sizes with three series: A, B and C. Series C is primarily used for envelopes.

Office paper sizes commonly used in the United States and Canada, including Letter, Legal, Tabloid, and other formats defined in the American National Standard ANSI X3.151.

Printing and drawing papers sizes. Imperial or pre-metric sizes used for drawings.

Properties like heat values, air/fuel ratios, flame speed, flame temperatures, ignition temperatures, flash points and flammability limits for paraffins and alkanes.

A comprehensive reference tool for understanding particle sizes across different materials and contaminants. Convert between microns, meters, inches, and other units. Includes typical particle sizes for common materials like dust, pollen, bacteria, sand, and more.

Parts per million (ppm) is a dimensionless measure of small concentration levels of pollutants in air, water, and body fluids. This calculator helps convert between ppm and other concentration units including percentages, weight percent, and mass per unit volume.

Pasteurization methods, time and temperatures. Pasteurization is a heat-treatment process that destroys pathogenic microorganisms in foods and beverages.

Investments and payback time. Payback time is the number of periods required for cumulative benefits to equal cumulative costs. The smaller the payback period, the better the investment.

Chemical resistance data table for polyethylene (PE) materials

A simple pendulum oscillates in the vertical plane due to gravity. Calculate the oscillating period or length of a pendulum using the fundamental pendulum equation.

Calculator for estimating the density and specific weight of liquid pentane at given temperature. Outputs density in kg/m³, lb/ft³, lb/gal(US liq), and sl/ft³. Specific weight in N/m³ and lbf/ft³.

Calculator for thermophysical properties of Pentane (C5H12), a clear colorless liquid with petroleum-like odor. This tool provides access to chemical, physical, and thermal properties of pentane at 25°C (77°F, 298K) and 1 bara, including density, heat capacity, viscosity, critical parameters, and more in multiple unit systems.

Calculate percentage values using the formula p = 100% P / W, where p is the percentage, P is the part, and W is the whole. Supports basic percentages, price changes, and comparative calculations.

The periodic table of the elements with their atomic numbers, chemical element names, and symbols.

Electromagnetism and formation of magnetic fields. Calculate permeability and relative permeability of materials.

Calculate average boiling points (ABP) of petroleum mixtures using mole, weight, volume, cubic average, and mean average boiling temperature methods. Includes distillation analysis and correction factor calculations.

Comprehensive calculator for petroleum product specifications and standard test methods including ASTM test methods for gasoline, diesel, and jet kerosine. Covers key properties like acidity, aromatics, density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, and many other quality parameters with typical specification ranges.

The Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is a schematic illustration of a system showing the relations between major components, their operational values across different modes (minimum, normal, maximum), and key system information including flow, temperature, pressure, and fluid composition.

A reference tool for pH values in various human biological materials and fluids

Comprehensive data table of pKa values for phenols, alcohols, and carboxylic acids in aqueous solutions at 25°C, including molecular properties such as boiling point, melting point, density, and molecular weight.

The phonetic alphabet used in international aircraft communications.

Physical constants in SI Units - Reference table with values and formulas

Heat production from the human body vs. activity. Reference table showing metabolic rates in W/m² and Met units for various activities, with mean human body surface area of 1.8 m².

Calculate minor or dynamic pressure loss in pipe and tube system components using the formula: Δpminor_loss = ξ ρf v² / 2

Calculate fluid flow velocity in circular pipes using Imperial and SI units. Supports calculations with volume flow rates and pipe inside diameters.

Heat loss from uninsulated pipes with bare surfaces at still-air conditions and air temperature 70 °F (21 °C). Emissivity coefficient of the surface is 0.95.

Fractional vs. decimal inches conversion reference for pipes.

Heat loss (W/ft) diagrams for 1/2 to 6 inches insulated pipes - ranging insulation thickness 0.5 to 4 inches and temperature differences 50 to 350 degF. Based on metal pipes with fiber glass insulation (thermal conductivity 0.25 Btu/h oF ft2/in) and moderate wind conditions (20 mph) with 10% safety factor.

Calculate conductive heat loss through uninsulated or insulated pipes and cylinders using thermal conductivity and temperature differences.

Calculate the temperature-induced expansion of pipes based on the linear expansion coefficient, pipe length, and temperature difference using the formula: dl = α × Lo × dt

Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat - forced and natural circulation. Calculates heat emission based on pipe parameters, fluid type, and temperature differential.

Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water - assisted (forced) or natural circulation.

Recommended insulation thickness for heating systems like hot water and low, medium or high pressure steam systems. This tool helps determine appropriate insulation thickness based on nominal pipe size and system type to avoid heat loss and potential safety hazards.

Piping and tubes codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA, BS, ISO, DIN and more.

Temperature expansion coefficients for materials used in pipes and tubes like aluminum, carbon steel, cast iron, PVC, HDPE and more. Use these coefficients to calculate thermal expansion of pipes and tubes.

Cylinder volume and compression ratios in piston engines. Calculate the static compression ratio using piston displacement volume and clearance volume.

Calculate piston engine displacement using bore, stroke, and number of cylinders

Commonly used plastic abbreviations and their full names.

Symbol codes and labeling used for recycling plastic products like bottles, containers and packaging. Includes information about different recycling codes (1-7), their plastic types, common uses, and food safety considerations.

Reference data table for thermal conductivity coefficients of various plastic materials

Convert between units like Plato, Brix and SG (Specific Gravity) used to measure sucrose dissolved in water. Brix measures the amount of sucrose dissolved in water (expressed as % g/g), while Plato measures the weight of solids dissolved in water (also expressed in %).

A comprehensive reference guide for plumbing and sanitation codes used in the United States and internationally. Contains information about major code standards, their governing organizations, and application requirements.

A noise measurement system for continuous or ambient noise in indoor environments. The Preferred Noise Criterion (PNC) is used to judge the acceptability of ventilation and other background broad band noise sources by comparing measured sound pressure levels at different frequency bands against established PNC curves.

Calculate pneumatic cylinder acting velocity based on volume flow and piston area.

Calculate the force exerted by single acting and double acting pneumatic cylinders based on pressure and piston diameter

Calculator for pneumatic transport systems used to move powder and other solid products through air suspension.

Calculator for pneumatic powder transport systems. This tool helps engineers and operators design and optimize pneumatic conveying systems for powder handling applications.

Particle sizes for common products like coal, sand, ash and more.

Recommended air velocity for pneumatic transport of products like cement, coal, flour and more. This tool provides a lookup table for recommended air carrying velocities in pneumatic solid transport systems for various materials.

Separators used in pneumatic solids transport systems and their minimum particle size. This tool helps identify the appropriate separator type based on particle size and provides minimum particle size recommendations for different separator principles.

Calculate the volume flow discharged through a smooth-walled circular pipe using Poiseuille's formula.

Calculate Poisson's ratio from strain measurements and explore Poisson's ratio values for common materials. Poisson's ratio describes the relationship between transverse strain and longitudinal strain when a material is deformed.

A comprehensive reference tool displaying Poisson's ratios for various metals. Poisson's ratio is a key material property that describes the relationship between transverse strain and axial strain under stress.

Convert between Polar and Cartesian coordinate systems. Transform 2D coordinates using mathematical formulas to switch between perpendicular Cartesian axes and distance/angle-based Polar coordinates.

Chemical resistance of Polyester to products like Acetic acid, Diesel oil and others. Polyester resins combine excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties with very good chemical resistance and dimensional stability.

Polyester Polyolefin dual fiber 3-strand rope - minimum breaking strength and safe load calculator with reference table.

Polyester 3-strand and 8-strand rope - minimum breaking strength and safe load. Calculate safe mass and load values for different rope diameters.

Densities, tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus and Brinell hardness of common plastic materials including thermoplastics and thermosets.

Polypropylene fiber 3-strand and 8 strand rope - minimum breaking strength and safe load calculator. Calculate safe loads and masses for various rope diameters.

Chemical resistance of Polyurethane (PUR). Reference guide for chemical compatibility of polyurethane materials with various liquids and compounds.

Thermal conductivity (k-values) calculator for polyurethane insulation versus temperature. Polyurethane is an organic polymer used in flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and insulation applications for buildings and technical systems.

Volume not occupied by solid material

A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. This tool provides calculators for speed corrections based on liquid viscosity and water temperature for both reciprocating and rotary pumps.

Thermophysical properties of potassium for temperatures ranging 350 - 850 °C including latent heat, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.

Calculate elevation and potential energy in hydropower systems. Determine the increase in potential energy when a body of mass is elevated against gravitational force.

Calculate power based on work and time, or force and velocity. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is converted.

Calculate the power gained by fluid from a pump or fan using mass flow rate and specific work, or alternatively using density, volume flow rate, gravitational acceleration, and head. Multiple formulas are provided for different input scenarios.

Comprehensive reference guide for DIN VDE standards covering power installations, cables, telecommunications, and electrical equipment. Includes standards for installations below and above 1 kV, protective measures, cable types, and specialized applications.

The performance of a power plant can be expressed through common performance factors including heat rate, thermal efficiency, capacity factor, load factor, economic efficiency, and operational efficiency.

Color codes used in power wiring for 120/240 Volt and 277/480 Volt systems

Chemical resistance ratings of polypropylene (PP) against common chemicals, acids, bases, and organic solvents at different temperatures. Ratings indicate level of chemical attack: 1=Excellent, 2=Good, 3=Acceptable, 4=Unacceptable, 5=Inferior.

Calculate the Prandtl Number, a dimensionless number representing the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity. Used in heat transfer and convection calculations.

Units of fineness - Karat. Calculate gold fineness conversions between karat, decimal, percentage, and o/oo (parts per thousand) measurements.

An online Preferred Noise Criterion (PNC) calculator.

Calculate pressure from force and area, or convert between different pressure units. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area exerted on a surface in a fluid or gas.

The Pressure Coefficient is the ratio of pressure forces to inertial forces. It is an important parameter in most fluid flow applications.

Calculate the potential of pressure energy in an incompressible fluid. The pressure energy is expressed as ΔE = Δp / ρ, where ΔE is potential energy (J/kg), Δp is pressure difference (Pa), and ρ is density of fluid (kg/m³).

Static pressure graphical presentation throughout a fluid flow system. Visualize pressure gradient, major head losses due to friction, and minor head losses due to valves and components across different flow conditions.

Calculate pressure loss in pipes connected in series or parallel. For series configuration, total pressure loss is the sum of individual losses and mass flow is constant. For parallel configuration, pressure loss is the same in all pipes and total mass flow is the sum of individual flows.

Pressure ratings of pipes and tubes and their fittings - carbon steel, stainless steel, plastic, copper and more.

Convert between commonly used units for pressure and head including lb/in², atm, kg/cm², kg/m², in. water, ft. water, in. mercury, mm mercury, bars, and MPa.

Convert between common pressure units including Pa, bar, atmosphere, mm Hg, mm H2O, m H2O, kg/cm², psi, and more using conversion factors and interactive calculator.

Convert gas pressures between kPa, psi, inches of water, and inches of mercury

A calculator tool for working with prime numbers. We care about your privacy!

A comprehensive reference guide for common terminology used in process control systems, including definitions of analog/digital signals, controller modes, PID components, and key process control concepts.

Documentation of process control systems - Block Flow Diagrams (BFD), Process Flow Diagrams (PFD), Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) and more.

Calculator and visualizer for Proportional (P), Integral (I), and Derivative (D) process controller outputs. Analyze controller responses including P-Controller, I-Controller, D-Controller, and combined PID-Controller behavior.

ISA process instrumentation codes and combinations calculator based on ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R 1992). Combines letter codes to identify instruments in P&ID diagrams with optional sequential numbering.

Calculate the Fresnel number and barrier attenuation for outdoor sound propagation around partial barriers. Determines how sound is affected by reflection, transmission, and diffraction around barriers.

Calculator for sound pressure level in rooms considering direct and reverberant sound, including room constant calculations based on acoustic absorption properties.

Calculate sound pressure level (Lp) for outdoor sound propagation considering attenuation due to distance, atmospheric conditions, and barriers. Supports single point sources (spherical and hemi-spherical radiation) and linear sources.

Propane density and specific weight calculator at varying temperature and pressure in SI and Imperial units. Includes data tables for liquid, gas, and supercritical propane states.

Calculate dynamic and kinematic viscosity of propane at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Viscosity is a measure of fluid resistance to deformation by shear stress.

This tool calculates and displays the latent heat of vaporization for propane as a function of temperature.

Calculate the Prandtl Number for Propane based on temperature and pressure. The Prandtl number (Pr) is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal diffusivity, commonly used in heat transfer and convection calculations. Calculated using: Pr = μ cp / k, where μ is dynamic viscosity, cp is specific heat, and k is thermal conductivity.

Calculate and display the specific heat (Cp and Cv) of propane at various temperatures and pressures. This tool provides isobaric (constant pressure) and isochoric (constant volume) specific heat values in multiple units for both liquid and gaseous states.

Calculate the thermal conductivity of propane at given temperature and pressure. Thermal conductivity is a material property that describes the ability to conduct heat, measured in W/m·K or Btu/h·ft·°F. This tool provides estimates based on propane's thermophysical properties.

Calculate and view thermal diffusivity of propane at varying temperatures and pressures. Thermal diffusivity (α) measures how quickly a material can absorb heat from its surroundings, calculated as k / (ρ × CP) in units of m²/s.

Calculator for propane thermophysical properties at 25°C (77°F, 298K) and atmospheric pressure. Provides molecular weight, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and other key thermodynamic properties of propane (C3H8).